نشریه محیط زیست طبیعی

آیا فاکتورهای جمعیت شناختی می‌توانند رفتارهای حامی محیط زیست طبیعت‌گردان را پیش‌بینی کنند؟

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه لرستان

2 دانشگاه لرستان - تخصص مدیریت پایدار جنگل

3 دانشگاه فردوسی

4 هیات علمی دانشگاه مالاگا اسپانیا

چکیده

در سال‌های اخیر، همزمان با تشدید مشکلات محیط زیستی در سطح جهانی، پایداری مقاصد طبیعت‌گردی نیز با چالش‌هایی روبرو شده است. از آنجا که در اکثر موارد، انسانها مسبب اصلی مشکلات محیط زیستی هستند، در صورت عدم تغییر رفتار، اثرات تخریب‌های غیرقابل برگشت انسانی، حیات در کره زمین را به خطر خواهد انداخت. از این روی نظارت و مدیریت بر عرصه‌های طبیعی نیاز به رفتارهای حامی محیط زیست برای به حداقل رساندن تأثیرات منفی فعالیت‌های انسانی بر محیط زیست دارد. این رفتارهای حامی محیط زیست در جوامع مختلف تحت تاثیر عوامل مختلف اجتماعی (جمعیت‌شناختی)، بیرونی و دورنی قرار دارند. هدف مطالعه حاضر بررسی تاثیر فاکتورهای جمعیت‌شناختی (جنسیت، وضعیت تأهل، سن، تحصیلات، درآمد و وضعیت شغلی، تحصیلات و شغل والدین) بر میزان رفتار حامی محیط زیست طبیعت‌گردان است. جمعیت آماری تحقیق شامل کلیه طبیعت‌گردان مناطق طبیعت‌گردی پارک طبیعت شمخال و پارک جنگلی طبیعی ارتوکند است. برای رسیدن به این هدف، بر اساس فرمول کوکران تعداد 760 پرسشنامه (384 پرسشنامه در ارتوکند، 376 پرسشنامه در شمخال)، در تابستان و پاییز 1398 به روش نمونه-گیری تصادفی و به صورت مصاحبه حضوری تکمیل گردید. داده‌های مربوط به فاکتورهای جمعیت شناسی و رفتارهای محیط زیستی طبیعت گردان از طریق این پرسش نامه‌ها جمع آوری شد. متناسب با نوع داده ها و اطلاعات، از آزمون T دو نمونه مستقل و آنالیز واریانس یک طرفه(ANOVA) جهت تحلیل داده‌ها استفاده شد. نتایج پژوهش بیانگر این است که سن، تحصیلات، شغل، درآمد، تحصیلات مادر و شغل پدر تاثیر معناداری بر میزان رفتارهای حامی محیط زیست طبیعت‌گردان دارند. همچنین یافته‌ها اشاره دارند که خانم‌های شاغل و طبیعت‌گردان تحصیل‌کرده با درآمد متوسط، که مادران تحصیل‌کرده و پدرانی با شغل‌های دولتی دارند، افراد محیط زیست‌گرا‌تری هستند و رفتارهای حامی محیط زیست بیشتری نسبت سایر طبیعت‌گردان دارند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Do the demographic factors can predict pro-environmental behavior of ecotourists?

نویسندگان [English]

  • Samaneh Motamedi Barabadi 1
  • Rahim Maleknia 2
  • Hamid Shayan 3
  • Fernando Almeida García 4

1 Lorestan University

2 Forestry Department, Lorestan University

3 Ferdowsi University

4 University of malage

چکیده [English]

In recent years, as environmental problems getting worse throughout the earth, popular and nature tourism destinations face challenges in preserving ecological and sustainability resources. Monitoring and managing these natural areas requires Pro-Environmental Behavior to minimize the harmful effects of human activities on the environment. However, these targeted actions namely pro-environmental behaviors, are frequently influenced by various factors. The purpose of this research is investigating the influence of socio-demographic factors (gender, marital status, age, education, income and occupation status, education and occupation of parent) on pro-environmental behaviors of ecotourists. The statistical population of the study includes all ecotourists of Shamkhal Nature Park and Ortokand Natural Forest Park in Khorasan Razavi province of Iran. After filling 760 questionnaires in summer and autumn of 2018 by face to face method, in accordance with the type of collected data and information, T-test and ANOVA were used for data analysis in SPSS 20 software. The results show that age, education, occupation, income, mother's education and father's job have significant effect on pro-environmental behaviors of ecotourists. Also the findings indicate that eemployed women and educated ecotourists with medium income, who have educated mothers and fathers with governmental jobs, are more environmental and doing more pro-environmental behaviors than other ecotourists.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Eco-tourists
  • Pro-Environmental Behavior
  • sustainable tourism
  • Shamkhal Nature Park
  • Ortokand Natural Forest Park
Aarts, H., Verplanken, B., Van Knippenber, A., 1998. Predicting behavior from actions in the past: repeated decision making or a matter of habit? J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 28, 1355–1374.
Ahmadian, D., Haghighatian, M., 2016. Sociological Analysis of the Role of Cultural Factors on Urban Environmental Behaviors (citizens of the city of Kermanshah). Urban Sociological Studies, 6(18), 51-76. (In Persian)
Aizawa, H., Yoshida, H., Sakai, S., 2008. Current results and future perspectives for Japanese recycling of home electrical appliances. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 52 (12), 1399–1410.
Alonso, J. M., Andrews, R., Clifton, J., Diaz-Fuentes, D., 2019. Factors influencing citizens’ co-production of environmental outcomes: a multi-level analysis. Public Management Review, 1-26.
Asmuni, S., Khalili, J. M., Zain, Z. M., 2012. Sustainable consumption practices of students in an urban setting: a case in Selangor. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 36, 716-722.
Berardi, U., 2017. A cross-country comparison of the building energy consumptions and their trends. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 123, 230–241.
Bronfman, N., Cisternas, P., López-Vázquez, E., Maza, C., Oyanedel, J., 2015. Understanding attitudes and pro-environmental behaviors in a Chilean community. Sustainability, 7(10), 14133-14152.
Casaló, L. V., Escario, J. J., Rodriguez-Sanchez, C., 2019. Analyzing differences between different types of pro-environmental behaviors: Do attitude intensity and type of knowledge matter?, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 149, 56-64.
Casaló, L.V., Escario, J.J., 2018. Heterogeneity in the association between environmental attitudes and pro-environmental behavior: a multilevel regression approach. J. Clean. Prod. 175, 155–163.
Chen, C.L., 2011. From catching to watching: Moving towards quality assurance of whale/dolphin watching tourism in Taiwan. Marine Policy, 35, 10-17.
Chen, X., Peterson, M. N., Hull, V., Lu, C., Lee, G. D., Hong, D., Liu, J., 2011. Effects of attitudinal and socio-demographic factors on pro-environmental behaviour in urban China. Environmental Conservation, 38, 45–52.
Chiu, Y. T. H., Lee, W. I., Chen, T. H., 2014. Environmentally responsible behavior in ecotourism: Antecedents and implications. Tourism management, 40, 321-329.
Dankelman, I., 2009. Women: Agents of Change for a Healthy Environment. Retrieved July, 17, 2012.
De Nardo, M., Brooks, J.S., Klinsky, S., Wilson, C., 2017. Social signals and sustainability: ambiguity about motivations can affect status perceptions of efficiency and curtailment behaviors. Environ. Syst. Decis, 37, 184–197.
Dunlap, R. E., Mertig, A. G., 1995. Global concern for the environment: is affluence a prerequisite?. Journal of Social Issues, 51(4), 121-137.
Eriksson, L., Garvill, J., Nordlund, A.M., 2008. Acceptability of single and combined transport policy measures: the importance of environmental and policy specific beliefs. Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract, 42 (8), 1117–1128.
Forests, Range and Watershed Management Organization, 2017. Study of Ortokand Forest Park with Tourism Approach. 190 p. (In Persian)
Forests, Range and Watershed Management Organization, 2019. Study of Shamkhal Nature Park. 80 p. (In Persian)
Fransson, N., Gärling, T., 1999. Environmental concern: Conceptual definitions, measurement methods, and research findings. Journal of environmental psychology, 19(4), 369-382.
Fu, X., Ueland, S.M., Olivetti, E., 2017. Econometric modeling of recycled copper supply. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 122, 219–226.
Gifford, R., Nilsson, A., 2014. Personal and social factors that influence pro‐environmental concern and behaviour: A review. International Journal of Psychology, 49(3), 141-157.
Hajizadeh, M., Sayarkhalaj, H., Shokohifar, K., 2015, Cultural and environmental factors among residents in Yazd. scds. 3 (3):9-32. (In Persian)
Ifegbesan, A. P., Rampedi, I. T., 2018. Understanding the role of socio-demographic and geographical location on pro-environmental behavior in Nigeria. Applied Environmental Education & Communication, 17(4), 335-351.
Kollmuss, A., Agyeman, J., 2002. Mind the gap: why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behavior?, Environmental education research, 8(3), 239-260.
Leahy, T., 2003. Ecofeminism in theory and practice: Women's responses to environmental issues. Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies: JIGS, 7(1/2), 106.
Lee, T. H., Jan, F. H., 2018. Development and validation of the ecotourism behavior scale. International Journal of Tourism Research, 20(2), 191-203.
Lee, T. H., Jan, F., Yang, C., 2013. Environmentally responsible behavior of nature-based tourists: A review. International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 2(1), 1–15.
Li, D., Zhao, L., Ma, S., Shao, S., Zhang, L., 2019. What influences an individual’s pro-environmental behavior? A literature review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 146, 28-34.
Liu, Y., Xing, P., Liu, J., 2017. Environmental performance evaluation of different municipal solid waste management scenarios in China. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 125, 98–106.
Logar, I., 2010. Sustainable tourism management in Crikvenica, Croatia: An assessment of policy instruments. Tourism Management, 31, 125-135.
Maleknia, R., Feghhi, J., Makhdom, M. F., Zobeiri, m., Mohajer-Marvi, M. R. 2011. Developing of a specific model for ecological capability evaluation for strategic forest planning in Kheyrud forest. Environmental Research, 1 (2), 13-18.
Oğuz, D., Kavas, S., 2010. Environmental awareness of university students in Ankara, Turkey. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(19), 2629-2636.
Ramayah, T., Lee, J.W.C., Mohamad, O., 2010. Green product purchase intention: some insights from a developing country. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 54 (12), 1419–1427.
Rasool, F., Zuberi, N. A., Siddiqui, N. U., Madni, M., 2019. Using the Theory of Plan Behavior and Norm Activation Model to Understand Individual Energy Conservation Behavior in Karachi, Pakistan. International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology, 10(1), 93-99.
Salehi, S. 2010, People and the environment: A Study of Environmental Attitudes and Behavior in Iran, Lambert Academic Publishing.
Salehi, S., 2012. Environmental Behvaior and Education. Journal of Educational Scinces, 18(2), 201-226. (In Persian)
Salehi, S., Ghadami, M., Hemmati Gouyomi, Z., 2012. A study of Environmental Behaviors among Coastal Tourists (A case Study of Coastal Tourists in Bushehr City during New Year Holiday). Journal of Tourism Planning and Development, 1(1), 35-58. (In Persian)
Salehi, S., Pazokinejad, Z., Emamgholi, L., 2014. Education and environment (attitude, knowledge and environmental behavior of students). Journal of Educational Scinces, 20(2), 171-190. (In Persian)
Salehi, S., soleimani, K., pazouke, Z., 2016. An Analysis of Responsible Environmental Attitude and Behavior of Students (A Case study: Students in Mazandaran Province Universities). Environmental Researches, 6(11), 562-576. (In Persian)
Sivek, D. J., Hungerford, H., 1989/1990. Predictors of responsible behaviour in members of Wisconsin conservation organizations. The Journal of Environmental Education, 21(2), 35–40.
Steg, L., Vlek, C., 2009. Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour: An integrative review and research Agenda. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29, 309–317.
Stern, P. C., 2000. New environmental theories: toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior. Journal of social issues, 56(3), 407-424.
Tonge, J., Ryan, M.M., Moores, S.A., Beckley, L.E., 2015. The effect of place attachment on pro-environmental behavioral intentions of visitors to Coastal Natural Area Tourist Destinations. J. Travel Res. 54, 730–743.
Torkaman, S., Fathi, S., 2017. Study the Effect of Women's Employment Concerns Over the Quality of Their Lives. Quarterly Journal of Women and Society, 7(28), 13-26.
Uyeki, E. S., Holland, L. J. (2000). Diffusion of pro-environment attitudes?. American Behavioral Scientist, 43(4), 646-662.
Vicente-Molina, M.A., Fernández-Sainz, A., Izagirre-Olaizola, J., 2018. Does gender make a difference in pro-environmental behavior? The case of the Basque Country University students. J. Clean. Prod. 176, 89–98.
Weaver, D. B., and L. Lawton. 2007. “Progress in Tourism Management Twenty Years on: The State of Contemporary Ecotourism Research.” Tourism Management 28:1168–79.
Wu, K.-S., Teng, Y.-M., 2011. Applying the extended theory of planned behavior to predict the intention of visiting a green hotel. Afr. J. Bus. Manag. 5, 7579–7587.
Xiao, C., Hong, D., 2012. Gender and concern for environmental issues in urban China. Society & Natural Resources, 25(5), 468-482.
Ziapour, A., Kianipour, N., Nikbakht, M., 2013. The sociological analysis of the environment and the people's behavior towards it in rural and urban areas in Kermanshah. Environmental Education and Sustainable Development, 1(2), 55-67. (In Persian)
نشریه محیط زیست طبیعی
دوره 73، شماره 2
مرداد 1399
صفحه 369-382