نشریه محیط زیست طبیعی

ارزیابی ریسک اکولوژیک و سلامت عناصر سمی در خاک‌های سطحی اطراف مناطق صنعتی اردکان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم و مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه اردکان، اردکان یزد. ایران.

2 گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه زابل. زابل، ایران.

3 گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران.

10.22059/jne.2023.353268.2512

چکیده

آلودگی خاک به عناصر سمی، نگرانی بزرگ محیط‌­زیستی است. استقرار کارخانه‌های فولاد و گندله­ سازی در حاشیة شهر اردکان احتمال انتشار آلاینده ­های مختلف به ­ویژه فلزات سمی را در این منطقه افزایش داده است. هدف از این پژوهش، ارزیابی میزان آلودگی به عناصر سمی در خاک­ های سطحی اطراف مناطق صنعتی شهر اردکان با استفاده از فاکتورهای غنی ­شدگی (EF)، پتانسیل ریسک اکولوژیک (PERI) و ریسک سلامت از طریق سه مسیر بلع، تنفس و جذب پوستی بود. در این تحقیق 12 نمونه خاک سطحی از 12 ایستگاه به روش سیستماتیک تصادفی جمع ­آوری شد. غلظت عناصر سمی سرب، آرسنیک، نیکل و کادمیوم در نمونه ­ها با استفاده از دستگاه  ICP-OESاندازه ­گیری شد. میانگین غلظت عناصر به‌ترتیب: نیکل (46/75)، سرب (36/16)، آرسنیک (9/25) و کادمیوم (0/34) میکروگرم بر گرم به ­دست آمد. متوسط ضریب غنی ­شدگی (EF) برای عناصر به ­صورت الگویPb >Ni>Cd>As بود. براساس شاخص پتانسیل خطر اکولوژیک ­(PERI)، ایستگاه­ های 9 و 11 آلودگی متوسط و سایر ایستگاه ­ها آلودگی کم را نشان دادند. نتایج ارزیابی ریسک سلامت براساس مقدار ضریب خطر (HQ) برای تمامی عناصر از سه طریق بلع، تنفس و جذب پوستی کم­تر از یک به‌دست آمد که نمی­ تواند نشان ­دهندة احتمال وجود پتانسیل خطر غیر‌سرطان­ زایی باشد. ریسک سرطان ­زایی برای بزرگسالان از طریق بلع، تنفس و جذب پوستی در همة ایستگاه ­های نمونه ­برداری برای عنصر سرب در محدودة قابل چشم ­پوشی بود؛ اما برای عناصر نیکل و آرسنیک از مسیرهای بلع و جذب پوستی و در مورد کادمیوم از مسیر بلع، احتمال خطر برای سرطان ­زایی وجود داشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Ecological and health risk assessment of toxic elements in surface soils around Ardakan industrial areas

نویسندگان [English]

  • Abolfazl Arefi Ardakani 1
  • Gholamreza Siyahati Ardakani 1
  • Narjes Okati 2
  • Mohammad Hossein Sayadi 3

1 Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran.

2 Department of Environment , Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.

3 Department of Environment, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Sources, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Soil contamination with toxic elements is a major environmental concern. The establishment of steel and pellet factories in the outskirts of Ardakan city has increased the possibility of various pollutants, especially toxic elements, in this area. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the level of contamination with toxic elements in the surface soils around the industrial areas of Ardakan using enrichment factors (EF), ecological risk potential (PERI) and health risk through the three routes of ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption. In this research, 12 topsoil samples were collected from 12 stations by systematic random method. The concentration of toxic elements Pb, As, Ni and Cd in the samples were measured using ICP-OES device. The average concentration of elements was found to be: Ni (46.75), Pb (36.16), As (9.25) and Cd (0.34) µg/g. The average enrichment factor (EF) for elements was Pb>Ni>Cd>As. Based on the potential ecological risk index (PERI), stations 9 and 11 showed moderate pollution and other stations showed low pollution. The results of health risk assessment based on the hazard quotient (HQ) were lower than one for all elements from three ways of ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption, which cannot indicate the possibility of non-carcinogenic risk potential. The risk of carcinogenesis for adults through ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption in all sampling stations for Pb was negligible; but for Ni and As from ingestion and skin absorption, and for Cd from ingestion, there was a risk of carcinogenesis.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Hazard Quotient
  • Potential Ecological Risk Index
  • Soil
  • Toxic elements
Agyeman, P.C., John, K., Kebonye, N.M., Borůvka, L., Vašát, R., Drábek, O., Němeček, K., 2021. Human health risk exposure and ecological risk assessment of potentially toxic element pollution in agricultural soils in the district of Frydek Mistek, Czech Republic: a sample location approach. Environmental Sciences Europe 33(1), 1-25.
Davodpour, R., Sobhanardakani, S., Cheraghi, M., Abdi, N., Lorestani, B., 2019. Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) as a potential bioindicator for detection of toxic and essential elements in the environment (Case study: Markazi Province, Iran). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 77(3), 344-358.
Eziz, M., Mohammad, A., Mamut, A., Hini, G., 2018. A human health risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soils of Yanqi Basin, Silk Road Economic Belt, China. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 24(5), 1352-1366.
Hormozinezhad, F., Zarasavandi, A., Rastmanesh, F., 2017. Contamination assessment of heavy metals in the soils around Khouzestan Steel Company (KSC)(Ni, Mn, Pb, Fe, Zn, Cr). Journal of Economic Geology 8(2), 415-29.
Hu, B.F., Wang, J.Y., Jin, B., Li, Y., Shi, Z., 2017. Assessment of the potential health risks of heavy metals in soils in a coastal industrial region of the Yangtze River Delta. Environment Science and Pollution 24, 19816-19826.
Jamal, A., Delavar, M.A., Naderi, A., Nourieh, N., Medi, B., Mahvi, A.H., 2019. Distribution and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil surrounding a lead and zinc smelting plant in Zanjan, Iran. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 25(4), 1018-33.
Jiang, X., Lu, W., Zhao, H., Yang, Q., Yang, Z., 2014. Potential ecological risk assessment and prediction of soil heavy-metal pollution around coal gangue dump. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 14, 1599-610.
Jiao, X., Teng, Y., Zhan, Y., Wu, J., Lin, X., 2015. Soil heavy metal pollution and risk assessment in Shenyang industrial district, Northeast China. PloS One 10(5), e0127736.
Kowalska, J, Mazurek, R., Gąsiorek, M., Setlak, M., Zaleski, T., Waroszewski, J., 2016. Soil pollution indices conditioned by medieval metallurgical activity-A case study from Krakow (Poland). Environmental Pollution 218, 1023-1036.
Kumar, K., Nayek, S., Gope, M., Kumar, A., Saha, A., 2020. Sources evaluation, ecological and health risk assessment of potential toxic metals (PTMs) in surface soils of an industrial area, India. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 42(12), 4159-4180.
Lu, X., Wang, L., Li, L.Y., Lei, K., Huang, L., Kang, D., 2010. Multivariate statistical analysis of heavy metals in street dust of Baoji, NW China. Journal of Hazardous Materials 173(1-3), 744-749.
Man, Q., Xu, L., & Li, M., 2022. Source Identification and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil: A Case Study of Lintancang Plain, Northeast China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(16), 10259.
Moghtaderi, T., Mahmoudi, S., Shakeri, A., Masihabadi, M.H., 2019. Contamination Evaluation, Health and Ecological risk index assessment of Potential Toxic Elements in the surface soils Case Study: Central Part of Bandar Abbas County.  Journal of Water and Soil Resources Conservation 8(4), 51-66.
Mohammadi, A., Zarei, A., Esmaeilzadeh, M., Taghavi, M., Yousefi, M., Yousefi, Z., Sedighi, F., Javan, S. 2019. Assessment of heavy metal pollution and human health risks assessment in soils around an industrial zone in Neyshabur, Iran. Biological Trace Element Research 195, 343-352
Özkul, C., 2016. Heavy metal contamination in soils around the Tunçbilek thermal power plant (Kütahya, Turkey). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 188(5), 1-12.
Pais, I., Jones, J.R., Benton, J., 1997. The Handbook of Trace Elements. Boca Raton, CRC Press, 240 p.
Ravankhah, N., Mirzaei, R., Masoum, S., 2016. Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in surface soil. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 26(136), 109-120. (in Persian)
Redwan, M., Rammlmair, D., 2017. Flood hazard assessment and heavy metal distributions around Um Gheig mine area, Eastern Desert, Egypt. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 173, 64-75.
Rodríguez-Eugenio, N., McLaughlin, M., Pennock, D., 2018. Soil pollution: a hidden reality. Italy, FAO, 2018.
Sistani, N., Moeinaddini, M., Khorasani, N., Hamidian, A.H., Ali-Taleshi, M.S., R.A.Y., 2017. Heavy metal pollution in soils nearby Kerman steel industry: metal richness and degree of contamination assessment. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment 10, 75-86. (in Persian)
Siyahati Ardakani, G., Mirsanjari, M., Azimzadeh, H., Solgi, E., 2018. The environmental assessment of some heavy metals in surface soil around pelletizing industries and Ardakan steel. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment 11(3), 449-464. (In Persian)
Taati, A., Salehi, M.H., Mohammadi, J., Mohajer, R., 2020. Assessment of pollution level, non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk of heavy metals on human health in surface soils of Arak industrial areas, Iran. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment 13(2), 335-348. (in Persian)
USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 2020. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA.
USEPA, 2001. Supplemental guidance for developing soil screening levels for superfund sites. Washington, DC, USA.
Wei, X. Gao, B. Wang, P. Zhou, H., Lu, J., 2015. Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in street dusts from different functional areas in Beijing, China. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 112:186-192.
Zhaoyong, Z., Mamat, A., Simayi, Z.J.E.S., Research, P., 2019. Pollution assessment and health risks evaluation of (metalloid) heavy metals in urban street dust of 58 cities in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26(1), 126-140.
نشریه محیط زیست طبیعی
دوره 76، شماره 3
مهر 1402
صفحه 447-461