ارزیابی خطر اکولوژیک فلزات سنگین در رسوبات و بافت‌های مختلف درخت حرا (Avicennia marina) در سواحل خلیج فارس

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید باهنر، کرمان، ایران

2 دانشکده گیاهان دارویی، دانشگاه تخصصی فناوری‌های نوین، آمل، ایران

10.22059/jne.2022.344674.2446

چکیده

پژوهش حاضر، به‌منظور سنجش فلزات سنگین مس، نیکل، سرب و روی در رسوبات، ریشه، ساقه و برگ رویشگاه‌های مانگرو (Avicennia marina) و از 5 ایستگاه در بندر خمیر واقع در جنوب غربی بندرعباس با سه تکرار در تابستان 1399 انجام شد. علاوه بر این، برخی از پارامترهای ژئوشیمیایی رسوبات بستر این مانگروها مانند شاخص مولر، فاکتور آلودگی و شاخص اریسک اکولوژیک مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. الگوی تجمع فلزات در رسوبات به‌صورت Ni>Pb>Zn >Cu به‌دست آمد. این الگو برای بافت‌های ریشه، ساقه و برگ به‌ترتیب به‌صورت Ni> Cu>Zn>Pb، Cu>Zn>Ni>Pb و Cu>Zn>Ni>Pb به‌دست آمد. بر‌ اساس میزان فاکتور تجمع زیستی، بافت‌های گیاه می‌توانند شاخص زیستی مناسبی برای فلز مس در منطقه باشند. ریشه نیز می‌تواند شاخص مناسبی برای فلزات سرب و نیکل محسوب شود. برای فلز روی، بافت‌های برگ و ساقه شاخص مناسبی در منطقه شناخته شدند. فاکتور انتقال، تنها برای فلزات مس و روی در بافت‌های ساقه و برگ معنی‌دار بود که نتایج نشان از رابطة مستقیم بین غلظت مس و روی در ریشه و پس از آن در برگ‌ها و ساقه‌ها بود. همچنین بررسی غلظت فلزات در رسوبات در همه ایستگاه‌ها نشان داد که تنها غلظت فلز نیکل بحرانی بود. ‌علاوه بر این، شاخص‌های محیط زیستی زمین‌انباشتگی و فاکتور آلودگی، بیانگر وضعیت آلودگی متوسط در رسوبات منطقه بود. همچنین یافته‌های شاخص ارزیابی محیط زیستی فلزات سنگین نشان داد که، رسوبات بندر خمیر از نظر شاخص آلودگی اکولوژیک در ردة ریسک اکولوژیک کم (RI<150) قرار دارند. به‌طور کلی روند تجمع فلزات در رسوب و بافت‌های درخت حرا نشان داد که با افزایش غلظت فلزات در رسوبات، میزان این عناصر در بافت‌های گیاه نیز افزایش می‌یابد، بنابراین گونة A. marina می‌تواند شاخص زیستی برای فلزات سنگین در اکوسیستم مورد مطالعه باشد. علاوه بر این، این گیاه باعث کاهش تحرک و دسترسی زیستی فلزات مورد بررسی در رسوبات این اکوسیستم می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Assessment of ecological risk of heavy metals in sediment and different tissues of Avicennia marina in the coasts of the Persian Gulf

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sanaz Khammar 1
  • Sayed Mehdi Hosseini 2

1 Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran

2 Faculty of Medicinal Plants, University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran

چکیده [English]

The present study was conducted to measure the heavy metals of Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in sediments, roots, stems and leaves of mangrove tree (Avicennia marina) from five stations in Khamir port located in the southwest of Bandar Abbas with three replications in summer 2020. In addition, some geochemical parameters of the sediments of the bed of these mangroves such as Muller index, contamination factor and ecological risk index have been evaluated. The accumulation pattern of heavy metals in the sediment was obtained as Ni> Pb>Zn>Cu. This pattern for root, stem and leaf tissues were determined as Ni>Cu>Zn>Pb, Cu>Zn>Ni>Pb and Cu>Zn>Ni>Pb, respectively. According to the bio concentration factor, plant tissues can be a suitable bio-indicator for Cu in the region. Root can also be considered a good bio indicator for Pb and Ni metals. For Zn metal, leaf and stem tissues were also identified as suitable indicators in the region.Transfer factor was significant only for Cu and Zn metals in stem and leaf tissues, which showed a direct relationship between cu and Zn concentrations in roots and then in leaves and stems. Also, examination of metal concentrations in sediments in all stations showed that only nickel metal concentration was critical. Also, the findings of the study of environmental assessment index of heavy metals showed that the sediments of Khamir port are in the category of low ecological risk (RI<150) in terms of ecological pollution index. In general, the process of accumulation of metals in sediments and mangroves tissues showed that increasing the concentration of elements in sediments, the amount of these elements in plant tissues can also increases, so, A. marina can be a bioindicator for heavy metals in the studied ecosystem. In addition, this plant reduces the mobility and bioavailability of the studied metals in the sediments of this ecosystem.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Heavy metals
  • Sediment
  • Mangrove
  • Port of Khamir
Agoramoorthy, G., Chen, F.A., Hsu, M.J., 2008. Threat of heavy metal pollution in halophytic and mangrove plants of Tamil Nadu, India. Environmental Pollution 155, 320-326.
Alharbi, O.M., Khattab, R.A., Ali, I., Binnaser, Y.S., Aqeel, A., 2019. Assessment of heavy metals contamination in the sediments and mangroves (Avicennia marina) at Yanbu coast, Red Sea, Saudi Arabia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 149, 110-129.
Almahasheer, H., 2019. High levels of heavy metals in Western Arabian Gulf mangrove soils. Molecular Biology Report 46(2), 1585-1592.
Arumugam, G., Rajendran, R., Ganesan, A., Sethu, R., 2018. Bioaccumulation and translocation of heavy metals in mangrove rhizosphere sediments to tissues of Avicenia marina-A field study from tropical mangrove forest. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management 10, 272-279.
Asadi Kapourchal, S., Jalali, V., 2021. Phytoremediation and estimation of optimal clean up time of lead contaminated soils using Portulaca oleracea L. and Amaranthus retroflexus. Journal of Environmental Water Engineering 7(1), 25-37. (In Persian)
Baharvand, A.B., Kiani Sadr, M., Lorestani, B., Cheraghi, M., Ardakani, S.S., 2022. Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals Nickel, Cadmium and Lead in the Coasts of the Persian Gulf Using Mangrove (Avicennia marina). Journal of Environment and Water 8(1), 79-92. (In Persian).
Cheraghi, M., Safahieh, A.R., Dadolahi, Sohrab, Ghanemi, K., Doraghi, A., 2015. The Survey of Avicennia Marina as Biomonitor for Heavy Metals in the Mahshahr Estuary. Environmental Sciences 13(1), 33-42. (In Persian)
Davari, A., Danekar, A., Khorasani, N., Javanshir A., 2012. Determination of heavy metals in mangrove forests of Booshehr. Journal of Environment 38, 27-36. (In Persian)
Einollahipeer, F., 2012. Survey of heavy metals concentration Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn in sediment and different tissues of Avicenia marina (root, stem, leaf and flower) in gulf of Gwatr. Journal of Oceanography 3(11), 72-83. (In Persian)
Eisazadeh, L., Azarjan, S., Kapourchal, S.A., Homaee, M., Noorhosseini, S.A., Damalas, C.A., 2019. Chive (Allium schoenoprasum L.) response as a phytoextraction plant in cadmium-contaminated soils. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26(1), 152-160. (In Persian)
El Tokhi, M., Abdelgawad, E., Lotfy, M.M., 2008. Impact of Heavy Metals and Petroleum Hydrocarbons Contamination of the East Port Said Port area, Egypt. Applied Sciences Research 4, 1788-1798.
Haghshenas, A., Hatami-manesh, M., Mirzaei, M., Mir Sanjari, M.M., Hossein Khezri, P., 2017. Measurement and Evaluation of Ecological Risk of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments of Pars Special Economic Energy Zone. Journal of Iranian South Medical 20(5), 448-469. (In Persian)
Hakanson, L., 1980. Ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control, a sedimentological approach. Water Research 14, 975-1001.
Khan, A.H.A., Kiyani, A., Mirza, C.R., Butt, T.A., Barros, R., Ali, B., Iqbal, M., Yousaf, S., 2021. Ornamental plants for the phytoremediation of heavy metals: Present knowledge and future perspectives. Journal of Environmental Research pp. 187-195,
Long, E.R., Mac Donald D.D., Smith, S. L., Calder, E. D., 1995. Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments. Environmental Management 19, 81-97.
MacFarlane, G.R., 2002. Leaf biochemical parameters in Avicenni amarina (Forsk) Vierh as potential biomarkers of heavy metal stressin estuarine ecosystems. Marine pollution bulletin 44, 244-256.
 MacFarlane, G.R., Koller, C.E., Blomberg, S.P., 2007. Accumulation and partitioning of heavy metals in mangroves: a synthesis of field-based studies. Chemosphere 69(9), 1454-64.
Machado, W., Silva-Filho, E.V., Oliveira, R.R., Lacerda, L.D., 2002. Trace metal retention in mangrove ecosystems in Guanabara Bay, SE Brazil. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44, 1277-1280.
Meena, R.A.A., Sathishkumar, P., Ameen, F., Yusoff, A.R.M., Gu, F.L., 2018. Heavy metal pollution in immobile & mobile components of lentic ecosystems (a review). Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25(5), 4134-4148.
Moazeni, M., S. Hayeripour, M. Mohamadi and H. Foladi. 2013. Study of some heavy metals consentation (Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni) in surface sediments of the Naiband national park, Persian Gulf, Iran. Journal of Wetland Ecobiology 5(15), 23-32. (In Persian)
Moradi, Z., Solgi, E., 2020. Measurment of Sediment Quality According to Heavy Metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni) Status in Sediments: The Coastal Sediments of Bushehr Port. Journal of Water and Soil Science 23, 1-14. (In Persian)
Moslehi, M., Salmanmahiny, A., Yaghoubzadeh, M., Mikaeili Tabrizi, A.R., Danehkar, A., 2022. Comparison of heavy metals concentration in sediments and vegetative organs of two species of grey and red mangrove. Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology 28(4), 119-134. (In Persian)
Muller, G., 1969. Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. Geo Journal 2, 108-118.
Nazli, M.F., Hashim, N.R., 2010. Heavy Metal Concentrations in an Important Mangrove Species, Sonneratia caseolaris, in Peninsular Malaysia. Environment Asia 3, 50-55.
Noroozi, M., Mohammadi, A., Behbahaninia, A., Babaei, F., 2021. Investigation of heavy metal pollution in the sediments of Salehieh Wetland, Karaj, Iran. Journal of Environmental Water Engineering 7(1), 50-58. (In Persian)
Pourang, N., Nikouyan, A., Dennis, J.H., 2005. Trace Element Concentrations in Fish, Surficial Sediments Andwater from Northern Part of the Persian Gulf .Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 109, 293-316.
Qiu, Y.W., Yu K.F., Zhang, G., Wang, W.X., 2011. Accumulation and partitioning of seven trace metals in mangroves and sediment cores from three estuarine wetlands of Hainan Island, China. Journal of Hazardous Material 190(1-3), 631-638.
Rastmanesh, F., A. Zaraswandi and F. Muslem. 2015. Evaluation of heavy metals pollution in surface sediments of Karun River in Ahvaz city. Journal of Advanced Applied Geology 5(17), 11-22.
Saleem, S.A., Noor, U.S.S., 2015. Heavy metals distribution in sediments and their transfer rate to benthic fauna in mangrove area near Hawks Bay Karachi, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Marine Science 24(1), 9-17.
Sharifan, H.R., Davari, A., 2010. Bioaccumulation and Distribution of Heavy Metals in Gray Mangrove (Avicennia marina): Case Study of the Tropical Areas of Persian Gulf. World Food System, Tropentag. A Contribution from Europe September 14-16. 2010, Zurich (in Persian).
Shete, A., Gunali, V.R., Pandit, G.G., 2007. Bioaccumulation of Zn and Pb in Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. and Sonneratia apetala Buch. Ham. From Urban Areas of Mumbai (Bombay), India. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 11(3), 109-112.
Shi, C., Ding, H., Zan, Q., Li, R., 2019. Spatial variation & ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in mangrove sediments across China. Marine Pollution Bulletin 143, 115-124.
Silva, C.A.R., Silva, A.P. d., Oliveira, S.R., 2006. Concentration, stock and transport rate of heavy metals in a tropical red mangrove, Natal, Brazil. Marine Chemistry 99, 2-11.
Smical, A. I., Oros, V., Juhasz, J., Pop, E., 2008. Studies on transfer and bioaccumulation of heavy metals from soil into lettuce. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 7(5), 609-615.
Taheri, M., Riahi Bakhtiari, A.R., Nami, Babak, Gholamalifard, M., 2014. The concentration and spatial distribution of mercury, lead, and cadmium in surface sediments of mangrove forests using geostatistics in GIS environment. Journal of Environmental Engineering 40(2) 297-310. (In Persian)
Ubong, I.U., Obunwo, C., 2018. Heavy metal contents in mangrove leaf, root and sediment from Eagle Island, Port Harcourt. International Journal of Development and Sustainability 6, 1759-1772.
USEPA, 1997. Recent developments for in situ treatment of metal contaminated soil, Tech. Rep. EPA-542-r-97-004, USEPA, Washington, DC, USA.
Vardanyan, L.G., Ingole, B.S., 2004. Studies on heavy metal accumulation in aquatic macrophytes from Sevan (Armenia) and Carambolim (India) lake system. Institute of Hydroecology and Ichthyology of National Academy of Sciences pp. 1-27.
Wozny, A., Krzeslowska, M., 1993. Plant cell response to Pb. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 62, 101-105.
Yazdan Panah, D., Safahieh, A., Salari Aliabadi, M., Ghanemi, K., 2019. Accumulation heavy Metals (Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb and Cd) in sediment and stone snail Tylothais savignyi in the Kharg Island during summer and winter. Journal of. Aquatic Ecology 9 (1), 38-49. (In Persian)
Zahed, M. A., Rouhani, F., Mohajeri, S., Bateni, F. and Mohajeri L., 2010. An overview of Iranian mangrove ecosystems, northern part of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Acta Ecologica Sinica 30, 240-244. (In Persian)
Zamani Afshar, R., Esmaeilpour, Y., Naji, A., Gholami, H., 2022. Investigation of accumulation of heavy metals in sediment and Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. Plants of Khorkhoran protected area. Journal of Iranian Journal of Forest 14(1), 61-73. (In Persian)
Zarezadeh, R., Rezaee, P., 2016. Study on accumulation of heavy metals in mangrove sediments, Gabrik Creek (Jask). 2016. Journal of Natural Environment 69(1), 61-78 (In Persian)
Zarezadeh, R., Rezaee, P., Lak, R., Masoodi, M., Ghorbani, M., 2017. Distribution & accumulation of heavy metals in sediments of the northern part of mangrove in Hara Biosphere Reserve, Qeshm Isl& (Persian Gulf). Soil and Water Research 12(2), 86-95. (In Persian)
Zarezadeh, R., Rezaee, P., Masihi, H., 2014. A study on geochemistry of heavy metals in Mangrove forests sediments of Sirik area, Azini Creek. 32nd National & the 1st Intrnational Geoscince Congress, Iran. pp. 16-19. (In Persian)
Zheng, S., Zheng, D., Liao, B., Li, Y., 1997. Tideland pollution in Gungdong province of china and mangrove afforestation. Forest Research 10(6), 639-649.
Zhou, Y., Zhao, B., Peng, Y., Chen, G., 2010. Influence of mangrove reforestation on heavy metal accumulation and speciation in intertidal sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60, 1319-24.