مقایسه غلظت فلزات سنگین کروم، مس و نیکل در گیاه یونجه آبیاری شده با آب و پساب تصفیه شده (مطالعه موردی: بیرجند)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه محیط زیست دانشکده منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران

2 فارغ التحصیل کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه تهران

3 دانشیار گروه عمران دانشگاه بیرجند

چکیده

امروزه به علت خشکسالی وکمبودآب،استفاده ازآب های نامتعارف به ویژه پساب حاصل ازتصفیه فاضلاب شهری درکشاورزی اهمیت ویژه ای پیداکرده است. ازعوامل محدودکننده استفاده ازاین پساب هاوجودعناصرسنگین درآن هامی باشد. هدف از انجام پژوهش حاضر، مقایسه غلظت فلزات سنگین کروم، مس و نیکل در اندام های گیاه یونجه تحت دو مدل آبیاری است. نمونه های ریشه، ساقه و برگ گیاه یونجه جهت تعیین میزان غلظت فلزات سنگین از دو ناحیه: 1- آبیاری شده با پساب تصفیه شده و 2- آبیاری شده با آب چاه، جمع آوری شد. نمونه های گیاهی خشک شده، هضم اسیدی شد و غلظت Cr ، Cu و Ni با استفاده از دستگاه ICP-OESاندازه گیری شد. بیشترین غلظت فلزات مورد مطالعه در ریشه گیاه یونجه تحت تأثیر دو نوع آبیاری وجود داشت. مقایسه سطح فلزات سنگین مورد مطالعه با غلظت های بحرانی در گیاهان نشان داد که غلظت این فلزات به محدوده خطرناک برای گیاه نرسیده است به استثنای ریشه یونجه آبیاری شده با آب شهری که از نظر فلز کروم پتانسیل قرارگیری در محدوده بحرانی را دارا است. طبق نتایج آزمون تی مستقل، تنها برای فلز کروم، دو نوع آبیاری تفاوت معنی دار آماری نشان دادند. نتایج تجزیه واریانس یک طرفه و مقایسه میانگین توکی نیز نشان دهنده این بود که بین ریشه، ساقه و برگ یونجه از نظر غلظت فلز کروم و نیکل اختلاف معنی دار آماری وجود داشته اما از نظر فلز مس اینگونه نبوده و اختلاف معنی دار آماری بین سه اندام ریشه، ساقه و برگ مشاهده نشده است. براساس نتایج تحقیق حاضر، آبیاری با پساب تصفیه شده بیرجند از نظر تجمع فلز سنگین کروم، مس و نیکل آثار سوئی بر گیاه یونجه نداشته است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Comparing the concentrations of heavy metals chromium, copper and nickel in alfalfa irrigated with water and treated wastewater. (Case Study: Birjand)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Amir Hossein Hamidian 1
  • Farzaneh Ahrari 2
  • Mohammadreza Doosti 3

1 Department of Environment and Natural Resources Faculty of Tehran University

2 Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Tehran

3 Department of Civil Engineering University of Birjand

چکیده [English]

Today, due to drought and shortage of water, using of unconventional water in agriculture, particularly effluent from municipal wastewater treatment has particular significance. The limiting factors using of wastewaters is heavy metals. The aim of this study was to compare the concentrations of heavy metals Cr, Cu and Ni in the organs of alfalfa under two models of irrigation. Examples of roots, stems and leaves of alfalfa was collected from two regions: 1- irrigated with treated wastewater, and 2- irrigated with well water, to the heavy metal concentrations measured.Dry and ashed samples of alfalfa were digested using concentratednitric acid. Heavy metals (Cr, Cu and Ni) concentration measured using an ICP-OES instrument(PerkinElmer, USA). The highest concentration of heavy metals, were found in roots of alfalfa. Compare this concentrations with critical concentration show that the metals concentration range is not critical, with that exception of the roots of alfalfa irrigated with water that of metal Cr, potential exposure limits have been critical. The t-test results, only for the metal Cr, showed a statistically significant difference between the two types of irrigation. The one-way ANOVA and Tukeys comparison results also indicates that there was a significant difference between the root, stem and leaf of alfalfa in terms of Cr and Ni concentrations, but in terms of the Cu is not the case. Based on these results, irrigation with treated wastewater Birjand in terms of the accumulation of the heavy metal Cr, Cu and Ni, has no adverseeffects on alfalfa.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Heavy metals
  • Wastewater
  • agriculture
  • food chain
  • critical concentration
Abedikoupai, J, and Bagheri, M.R. 2001. Environmental impacts of irrigation with treated wastewater on underground water resource. Conferences environmental impacts agricultural effluent on the surface water and groundwater. Mazandaran. The Iranian National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage, 53. 1-10. (in Persian).
Abedi-Koupai, J., B. Mostafazadeh-fard, M. Afyuni and M. R. Bagheri. 2003. Effect of treated wastewater on soil chemical and physical properties in an arid region. Journal of Plant Soil and Environment 52(82): 335-344.
Ahrari, F., Hashemimoghadam, M., Rastaghi, A, and Ehsani, A. 2010. Explore the possibility of spruce tree planting in the land surrounding wastewater treatment plant city of Birjand using wastewater. The second national seminar on the status of water recycling and wastewater in the management of water resources. Mashhad. Consulting Engineers Co. Sarvab. (in Persian).
Alinezhad jahromi, H., Mohammadkhani, A., and Salehi, M. 2012. Effects of urban wastewater of Shahrekord on growth, yield and accumulation of Pb and Cd in medicinal plant lemon balm. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resource. Water and Soil Sciences. Sixteen years, 60. 173-185. (in Persian).
Alloway, B.J. 2001. Heavy metal in soils. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Arduini I., Godbold D.A. Onnis, A. 1994.Cadmium and Copper change root growth and morphology of Pinus pinea and Pinus pinasterseedling. Physiologia plantarum. 92: 675–680.
Bahri, A. 1999. Agricultural reuse of wastewater and global water management. Water Science and Technology 40(4-5): 339-346.
Baroni, F., Boscagli, A., Di Lella, L.A., Protano, G, and Riccobono, F. 2004. Arsenic in soil and vegetation of contaminated areas in southern Tuscany (Italy). Geochemical Exploration, 81: 1-14.
Boll, R., Dernbach, H, and Kayser, R. 1986. Aspects of land disposal of wastewater as experienced in Germany. Water Science and Technology 18: 383-390.
Carrillo, G.R, and Cajuste, L.J. 1992. Heavy metals in soils and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) irrigated with threesources of wastewater. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. 27: 7, 1771-1783.
Feizi, M, and Rastghalam, Z.S. 2012. The effect of treated wastewater irrigation on accumulation of heavy metals in selected plants. The 1th International and the 4th National Congress on Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture. 26 – 27 April 2012 in Isfahan, Iran.
Feizi, M. 2001. Effect of treated wastewater on accumulation of heavy metals in plant and soil. PP. 137-146, In: Ragab, R., Pearce, G., Changkim, J., Nairizi, S. and Hamdy, A. (Eds.), ICID International Workshop on Wastewater Reuse and Management, Seoul, Korea.
Gomez, M., de la Rua, A., Garralon, G., Plaza, F., Hontoria, E. 2006. Urban wastewater treatment disinfection by filtration technologies. Desalination, 190 .16-28.
Kalavarouziotis, I.K., Robolas, P., Koukoulakis, P.H, and Papadopoulos, P. 2008. Effect of municipalreclaimed wastewater on the macro-and micro-elements status of soil and of Brassica oleracea var.Italica (Brocoli) and Boleracea var Gemmifera (Brussels sporouts). Journal of Agricultural water Management,95,419-426.
Kouchi, M., Fotovat, A., Haghnia, G, and Lakzian, A. 2006. Study of chemical forms of heavy metals Pb, Co, Cd, Ni, Zn& Cu in the soils irrigated with wastewater. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 20(2): 45-54. (in Persian).
Kumar Sharma, R., Agrawal, M, and Marshall, F.M. 2006. Heavy metals contamination in vegetables grown in wastewater irrigated areas of Varanasi, India. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology .77: 311-18.
Mapanda, F., Mangwayana, E.N., Nyamangara, J, and Giller, K.E. 2005. The effect of long-term irrigation using wastewater on heavy metal contents of soils under vegetables in Harare, Zimbabwe. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 107: 151–165.
Merrington, G, and Alloway, B.J. 1997. Determination of the residual metal binding characteristics of soil polluted by Cd and Pb. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 100: 49-62.
National Research Council (NRC). 1980. Mineral tolerance of domestic animals.National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.National Academy Press.
Pais, I., and Jones Jr, J.B. 1997. The handbook of trace elements. St. Lucie press Boca Raton published., Florida. 240 p.
Perkin-Elmer. 1994. Analytical methods for atomic absorption spectrometry. The Perkin-Elmer Corporation, USA, 300p.
Pirsaheb, M., Sharafi, K, and Dogohar, K. 2012. Compare the quality of the wastewater treatment plant effluent Olang Mashhad with water wells in the area for irrigation. Water & Wastewater, 4. 116-121. (in Persian).
Romero, A., González, I, and Galán, E. 2012. Trace elements absorption by citrus in a heavily polluted mining site. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 113: 76-85.
Safarisanjani, A. 1995. Impact of irrigation with wastewater on the some chemical properties of soil of the Borkhar area of Isfahan and accumulation of some elements in alfalfa. Master Thesis pedological. College of Agriculture. Isfahan University of Technology. (in Persian).
Shahriyari, T., Moasheri, N, and Sharifzadeh, Gh. 2011. Chromium and copper concentrations in groundwater and drinking water distribution network in the city of Birjand, 1388-1389. Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences. Volume 18. (1), 62-67. (in Persian).
Smith, C.J., Hopmans, P, and Cook, F.J. 1996. Accumulation of Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn and Cd in soil following irrigation with treated urban effluent in Australia. Environmental Pollution, 94 (3): 317-323.
Tabari, M, and Salehi, A. 2011. Investigate the effect of irrigation with municipal wastewater on the accumulation of heavy metals in soil. Environmental Science and Technology. Volume 13. (4), 49-59. (in Persian).
Zhao, H., Xia, B., Fan, C., Zhao, P, and Shen, S. 2012. Human health risk from soil heavy metal contamination under different land uses near Dabaoshan Mine, Southern China. Science of the Total Environment, 417-418: 45-54.
Zhuang, P., Murray, B., Hanping, X., Ningyu, L, and Zhian, L. 2009. Health risk from heavy metals via consumption of food crops in the vicinity of Dabaoshan mine, South China. Science of the Total Environment, 407: 1551-1561.
Zojaji, F. 2012. Monitoring the absorption of Cr, Cu and Zn (Case Study: Wastewater treatment plant Birjand). Master Thesis. College of Energy and Environment. Department of Environmental Sciences. Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran. (in Persian).