نشریه محیط زیست طبیعی

بررسی کارایی کودهای کندرها فسفری برپایة بیوچار‌های بقایای هرس انگور، پوست گردو و کلش گندم تولیده شده در دو دمای پیرولیز 350 و 650 درجة سانتی‌گراد

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم خاک، دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران.

2 گروه علوم خاک، دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه جیرفت، جیرفت ایران.

10.22059/jne.2024.368033.2622

چکیده

استفاده از کودهای شیمیایی رایج مانند کودهای فسفردار باعث بهبود تولیدات کشاورزی می‌شود، اما در همان حال مشکلات جدی محیط‌زیستی و بار اقتصادی قابل توجهی به‌دنبال دارد. اخیراً علاوه بر استفاده از بیوچار به‌عنوان یک اصلاح کنندة خاک، از آن در جهت تولید کودهای کندرها مبتنی بر بیوچار استفاده شده است. بررسی حاضر به‌منظور ارزیابی رفتار رهاسازی فسفر از کود مونوپتاسیم فسفات بر پایة بیوچارهای بقایای پوست گردو، هرس انگور و کلش گندم در آب و خاک صورت گرفت. به‌همین منظور آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل سه نوع بیوچار (بقایای هرس انگور، پوست گردو و کلش گندم) در دو دمای پیرولیز 350 و 650 درجة سانتی‌گراد و دو سطح کود فسفردار (10 و 20 درصد وزنی) از منبع مونوپتاسیم فسفات بود. نتایج نشان داد که اثر دما و نوع بیوچار بر چگالی، چگالی ظاهری، pH و EC قرص‌های کودی بر پایة بیوچار معنی‌دار بود. فسفر کودهای فسفردار برپایة بیوچار در طی آزمایش در همة بیوچارها به‌تدریج در آب آزادسازی گردید ولی سرعت آزادسازی آن در ابتدای آزمایش بیشتر بود. میزان آزادسازی فسفر در طول آزمایش در قرص‌های کودی بر پایة بیوچار کلش گندم نسبت به بیوچارهای پوست گردو و هرس انگور کمتر بود به‌طوری‌که در انتهای آزمایش درصد آزاد‌سازی فسفر در بیوچار کلش گندم نسبت به بیوچار پوست گردو و بقایای هرس انگور در دمای پیرولیز (350 و 650) به‌ترتیب 4/6 و 1/6 و 8/54 و 4/04 درصد پایین‌تر بود. کمترین و بیشترین درصد آزادسازی فسفر در خاک نیز به‌ترتیب در بیوچار کلش گندم و بقایای هرس انگور در هر دو دمای پیرولیز 350 و 650 درجة سانتی‌گراد مشاهده شد. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که اثر نوع بیوچار بر عملکرد اندام هوایی گیاه ذرت (وزن تر، وزن خشک و عملکرد نسبی) معنی‌دار بود و بیش‌ترین عملکرد نیز مربوط به استفاده از کود کندرها فسفری برپایة بیوچار کلش گندم می‌باشد. به‌طور کلی می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که گرانوله نمودن کودهای شیمیایی با بیوچار می‌تواند یک روش مناسبی برای تهیة کودهای کندرها باشد که تا حدودی می‌تواند بر مشکلات محیط‌زیستی (آب‌شویی،آلودگی منابع آبی و ...) و بار اقتصادی استفاده از کودهای شیمیایی غلبه کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluating the efficiency of Controlled-Release Phosphorus Fertilizers based on biochar’s of grape pruning residues, walnut skins and wheat stubble produced at two pyrolysis temperatures (350°C and 650°C)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Amir Khamseh 1
  • Ahmad Golchin 1
  • Saeid Shafiei 2

1 Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran.

2 Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft,, Jiroft, Iran.

چکیده [English]

The use of common chemical fertilizers such as phosphorous fertilizers improves agricultural production, at the same time, it leads to serious environmental problems and a considerable economic load. Recently, in addition to using biochar as a soil amendment, it has been used to produce biochar-based slow-release fertilizers. The current experiment was conducted to evaluate the behavior of phosphorus release from monopotassium phosphate fertilizers based on the biochars of walnut shell residues, grape pruning and wheat stubble in water and soil. For this purpose, a factorial experiment with a randomized complete design and three replications was performed. The experiment treatments included three types of biochar (residues of grape pruning, walnut shell and wheat stubble) at two pyrolysis temperatures of 350 and 650 degrees and Phosphorous fertilizer (10% and 20% by weight) from the source of monopotassium phosphate. The results showed that the effect of temperature and biochar type on density, apparent density, pH and EC of biochar-based fertilizer tablets was significant. Phosphorus of biochar-based nitrogenous fertilizers was gradually released in water during the experiment in all biochars, but its release rate was higher at the beginning of the experiment. The rate of Phosphorus release during the experiment in biochar-based fertilizer tablets of wheat stubble was lower compared to walnut shell and grape pruning biochars, so that at the end of the experiment, the percentage of Phosphorus release in wheat stubble biochar was 4.6 (1.6) and 8.54 (4.04) percent lower, respectively, compared to walnut shell biochar and grape pruning residues at 350 (or 650) pyrolysis temperature. Also, the lowest and highest percentage of Phosphorus release in soil was observed in wheat stubble biochar and grape pruning residues at both pyrolysis temperatures of 350 and 650 degrees, respectively. Also, the results showed that the effect of the type of biochar on the performance of the corn plant shoot (wet weight, dry weight and relative yield) was significant, and the highest performance was related to the use of Controlled-Release Phosphorus Fertilizers based on wheat stubble biochar. In general, it can be concluded that granulating chemical fertilizers with biochar can be a suitable method for preparing Slow-release fertilizers, which can partially overcome the environmental problems and the economic burden of using chemical fertilizers.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Agricultural waste
  • Biochar
  • Environmental problems
  • Slow-release fertilizer
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نشریه محیط زیست طبیعی
دوره 77، شماره 2
شهریور 1403
صفحه 271-284