نشریه محیط زیست طبیعی

بررسی تأثیرات منفی فعالیت‌های طبیعت‌گردی بر مناطق تحت حفاظت و ارائة راهبردهای بهینه (مطالعة مناطق تحت حفاظت استان تهران)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه برنامه‌ریزی و طراحی محیط، پژوهشکدة علوم محیطی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.

10.22059/jne.2023.360718.2561

چکیده

مناطق تحت حفاظت از‎ ‎نظر‎ ‎تنوع‎ ‎زیستی و‎ ‎دارا‎ ‎بودن‎ ‎قابلیت‌ها‎ ‎و‎ ‎جاذبه‌های‎ ‎فراوان، یکی از مهمترین مقاصد طبیعت‌گردی محسوب می‌شوند. از آنجا که ‏فعالیت‌های گردشگری و طبیعت‌گردی همواره منجر به سود اقتصادی و توسعة محیط‌زیست نمی‌گردد، ضرورت بررسی تأثیرات منفی ‏فعالیت‌های طبیعت‌گردی ‏‏در این مناطق را الزامی می‌دارد. بدین‌منظور در این مطالعه از روش دلفی و مدل SWOT-ANP جهت بررسی تأثیرات منفی فعالیت‌های طبیعت‌گردی ‏بر تیپ‌های چهارگانه مناطق تحت حفاظت استان تهران و ارائة راهبردهای بهینه اقدام گردید. براساس نتایج به‌ترتیب بیشترین میانگین تأثیرات منفی طبیعت‌گردی ‏در پارک ملی لار شامل توسعة بدون برنامه‌ریزی فعالیت‌های طبیعت‌گردی، کاهش مراتع پر‏تراکم به‌دلیل بوته‌کنی، لگدکوبی و فقدان نظارت‌های کافی‏، و در منطقة حفاظت شده جاجرود روند تغییرات کاربری اراضی/پوشش، به‌دلیل توسعة زیرساخت‌های طبیعت‌گردی ‏و افزایش تقاضای جوامع شهری به توسعة فعالیت‌های ‏تفرجی می‌باشد.‏ در اثر طبیعی ملی تنگه واشی نیز بیشترین تأثیرات منفی شامل ‏افزایش آلودگی‌های محیطی به‌دلیل تعداد بالای طبیعت‌گردی ‏نسبت به وسعت و امکانات ‏منطقه، و در نهایت در پناهگاه حیات وحش کاوده بیشترین میانگین به افزایش شکار غیر مجاز حیات وحش به‌دلیل فقدان مکانیسم‌های نظارتی اختصاص یافته است. در ادامه برای کنترل این تأثیرات به انتخاب راهبردهای بهینه از طریق بررسی نقاط قوت، ضعف، فرصت‌ها و تهدیدها بر اساس نظرات کارشناسان اقدام شد، که شامل راهبرد تهاجمی-رقابتی (SO) در پارک لار، راهبرد تدافعی (WT) در منطقة جاجرود و راهبرد تنوع (ST) در اثر ملی تنگه‌واشی و پناهگاه کاوده می‌باشد که باید در برنامه‌ریزی و تصمیم‌گیری، مورد توجه مدیران قرار گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Negative impacts of ecotourism activities on protected areas and providing optimal strategies (Case study: Protected areas of Tehran Province)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Parvaneh Sobhani
  • Hassan Esmaeilzadeh
  • Shahin Barghjelveh

Department of Environmental Planning and Design, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Protected areas (PAs) are considered one of the most important ecotourism destinations in terms of biodiversity and having abundant capabilities and attractions. Since ecotourism activities do not always lead to economic benefits and environmental development, it is necessary to investigate the negative impacts of ecotourism activities in these areas. For this purpose, in this study, the Delphi method and SWOT-ANP model were used to investigate the negative impacts of ecotourism activities on the four types of PAs of Tehran province and provide optimal strategies. According to the results, the highest mean negative impacts of ecotourism in Lar National Park include unplanned development of ecotourism activities, reduction of dense pastures due to bush cutting, trampling, and lack of adequate monitoring, and in the Jajrud protected area, the trend of land use/cover changes, due to the development of ecotourism infrastructures and the increase in the demand of urban communities for the development of recreational activities. In the Tangeh Vashi National Natural Monument, the most negative impacts include the increase in environmental pollution due to the high number of ecotourists compared to the area's size and facilities, and finally, in the Kavde Wildlife Refuge, the highest mean is allocated to the increase in illegal hunting of wildlife due to the lack of monitoring mechanisms. In the following, to control these impacts, optimal strategies were selected by examining the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats based on the expert's viewpoint, which include offensive-competitive strategy (SO) in Lar Park, defensive strategy (WT)  in Jajrud area and the diversification strategy (ST) due to TangehVashi, and Kavdeh refuge, which should be considered by managers in planning and decision-making.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Delphi method
  • Ecotourism activities
  • Negative impacts
  • Protected areas
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نشریه محیط زیست طبیعی
دوره 76، ویژه نامه مناطق تحت حفاظت
بهمن 1402
صفحه 129-146