نشریه محیط زیست طبیعی

ارزیابی تنوع ژنتیکی کرم‌های خاکی در زمین‌های کشاورزی و مراتع زاگرس شمالی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه تنوع زیستی، پژوهشکدة علوم محیطی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.

2 گروه اگرواکولوژی، پژوهشکدة گیاهان و مواد اولیة دارویی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.

10.22059/jne.2023.356720.2537

چکیده

بیشترین بخش تنوع زیستی بوم‌‌سازگان‌های خشکی، در مراتع و زمین‌های کشاورزی است. رشته‌ کوه زاگرس به‌لحاظ اهمیت زیست‌شناختی از غنی‌ترین و متنوع‌ترین تنوع زیستی برخوردار است که با مخاطرات تغییر کاربری اراضی و گونه‌های مهاجم مواجه می‌باشد. کرم‌های خاکی، مهندسان اکوسیستم خاک در فرآیندهای فیزیکوشیمیایی خاک و مطالعات تکاملی بسیار مورد توجه قرار گرفته‌اند. پژوهش‌های اخیر حاکی از اثر نامطلوب فعالیت‌های انسانی و تغییر کاربری اراضی بر تنوع کرم‎های خاکی است. از آنجا که شناسایی کرم­ های خاکی با استفاده از روش‌های ریخت‌شناسی دارای ابهاماتی است؛ براین اساس برای تفکیک کرم ­ها نیازمند بکارگیری راهکارهای ژنتیکی و استفاده از نشانگرهای مولکولی هستیم. در این پژوهش با استفاده از اطلاعات ریخت‌‌‌شناسی و نشانگر مولکولی COI، واحدهای عملکردی تاکسونومیک OTU) ها)[1] در کرم‌های خاکی شناسایی شدند. سپس با استفاده ازروش تجزیه و تحلیل آماری چندفاکتوری تأثیر کاربری‌های زراعی بر تنوع ژنتیکی کرم‌های خاکی در زاگرس مرکزی، شهرستان بروجرد مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. براساس نتایج درخت تبارشناختی، نمونه­های به‌دست آمده از این پژوهش به 13 OTU متعلق به هفت جنس تفکیک شدند. نتایج مقایسة مراتع و زمین‌های زراعی گندم، یونجه، چغندرقند و شبدر نشان داد که OTUهای زمین‌های زراعی، همگی متعلق به خانوادة Lumbricidae و OTU های مراتع علاوه بر این خانواده، در خانواده‌های Megascolecidae و Hormogastridae قرار داشت. در مجموع، چهار جنس Helodrilus، Aporrectodea، Bimastos و Allolobophora در زمین‌های کشاورزی و شش جنس Metaphire، Aporrectodea، Bimastos، Esenia، Allolobophora و Hormogaster در مراتع مشاهده گردید. نتایج تجزیه و تحلیل رتبه‌بندی روش تجزیه و تحلیل چندفاکتوری در گروه‌های کاربری زمین، ویژگی‌های فیزیکوشیمیایی خاک و شاخص‌های فراوانی و تنوع زیستی OTUهای کرم‌های خاکی با نه فاکتور در 36 متغیر نشان داد کهOTU ‌ های C، H و I همگی از گونة Aporrectodea rosea بیشترین کارآیی براساس تجزیه و تحلیل چند فاکتوری را در فراوانی و تنوع زیستی داشته است. شاخص کارآیی تنوع زیستی کرم‌های خاکی بوم‌سازگان مراتع در تمامی موارد بیشتر از سیستم‌های کشاورزی بوده است. کشت یونجه در مقایسه با سایر بوم‌سازگان‌های زراعی (گندم، چغندرقند و شبدر) بیش‌ترین شاخص کارآیی در تنوع زیستی کرم‌های خاکی را داشته است و کمترین شاخص کارآیی در کشت گندم بوده است. زمین‌های زراعی چغندرقند و یونجه تنوعOTU  بیشتری در مقایسه با زمین‌های زراعی شبدر و گندم داشته است. گزینش کشت یونجه در تناوب زراعی سبب تنوع زیستی کرم‌های خاکی و پایداری بوم‌‌‌نظام‌های کشاورزی خواهد شد. با توجه به اهمیت کرم‌های خاکی در ارائة خدمات اکوسیستم و کیفیت خاک، ضروری است که پژوهش‌های بیشتری در زمینة اثر بوم‌نظام‌های زراعی رایج بر تنوع زیستی کرم‌های خاکی صورت گیرد.
 
[1]Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU)

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of genetic diversity in earthworms for agricultural fields and pastures of northern Zagros

نویسندگان [English]

  • Shadi Karimifard 1
  • Fraham Ahmadzade 1
  • Fateme Aghamir 2

1 Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.

2 Department of Agroecology, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده [English]

The largest part of the biodiversity of terrestrial ecosystems is in pastures and agricultural lands. In terms of biological importance, the Zagros mountain range has the richest and most diverse biodiversity, which faces the dangers of land use change and invasive species. Earthworms, soil ecosystem engineers, have been of great interest in soil physicochemical processes and evolutionary studies. Recent studies indicate the adverse effect of human activities and land use change on the diversity of earthworms. Since the identification of earthworms, using morphological methods is ambiguous; therefore, we need to use genetic methods and molecular markers to separate worms. In this study, we identified taxonomic functional units (OTUs) in earthworms using morphological information and molecular marker COI. Then, we have investigated the effect of agricultural uses on the genetic diversity of earthworms in Central Zagros, Borujerd County using multifactorial statistical analysis. We separated into 13 OTUs belonging to seven genera based on the results of the genealogical tree. The results of the comparison of wheat, alfalfa, sugar beet and clover pastures and farmlands showed that the OTUs of the farmlands all belong to the Lumbricidae family and the OTUs of the pastures, in addition to this family, were in the Megascolecida and Hormogastridae families. In total, we observed four genera of Helodrilus, Aporrectodea, Bimastos and Allolobophora in agricultural lands and six genera of Metaphire, Aporrectodea, Bimastos, Esenia, Allolobophora and Hormogaster in pastures. The results of the ranking analysis of the multifactorial analysis method in land use groups, soil physicochemical characteristics and indicators of abundance and biodiversity of earthworm OTUs with nine factors in 36 variables showed that OTUs C, H and I, all of Aporrectodea rosea species, are the most effective based on multi-factorial analysis in abundance and biodiversity. The biodiversity efficiency index of earthworms of grassland ecosystems was higher than agricultural ecosystems in all cases. Compared to other agricultural ecosystems (wheat, sugar beet and clover), alfalfa cultivation had the highest efficiency index in earthworm biodiversity and the lowest efficiency index was in wheat cultivation. Sugar beet and alfalfa croplands had more OTU diversity compared to clover and wheat croplands. The selection of alfalfa cultivation in crop rotation will increase the biodiversity of earthworms and the stability of agricultural ecosystems. Considering the importance of earthworms in providing ecosystem services and soil quality, it is necessary to conduct more research on the effect of common agricultural ecosystems on the biodiversity of earthworms.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Barcoding
  • Biodiversity
  • Land use
  • Soil Oligocheata
  • Operational Taxonomic Units
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نشریه محیط زیست طبیعی
دوره 77، ویژه نامه بوم شناسی و مدیریت تنوع زیستی
مرداد 1403
صفحه 15-31