Abdollahzadeh, A., Mostafazadeh, R., 2026. Long-term dynamics and intensity of LULC changes and conservational implications in the Zagros mountain ecoregion, Iran. Journal for Nature Conservation 89, 127113.
Aghajanlou, F., Akbarzadeh, P., 2025. Monitoring the understory vegetation changes and biodiversity at the Jeishabad Forest Site, Zanjan Province. Management of Natural Ecosystems 4(1), 36-47.
Aguiar, M., Conway, A.J., Bell, J.K., Stewart, K.J., 2023. Agroecosystem edge effects on vegetation, soil properties, and the soil microbial community in the Canadian prairie. PLOS ONE 18(4), e0283832.
Almoussawi, A., Lenoir, J., Jamoneau, A., Hattab, T., Wasof, S., Gallet-Moron, E., Decocq, G., 2020. Forest fragmentation shapes the alpha–gamma relationship in plant diversity. Journal of Vegetation Science 31(1), 63-74.
Araujo, H.F., Canassa, N.F., Machado, C.C., Tabarelli, M., 2023. Human disturbance is the major driver of vegetation changes in the Caatinga dry forest region. Scientific Reports 13(1), 18440.
Bazyar, M., Haidari, M., Shabanian, N., Haidari, R.H., 2013. Impact of physiographical factors on the plant species diversity in the Northern Zagros Forest (Case study, Kurdistan Province, Marivan region). Annals of Biological Research 4(1), 317-324.
Betouli, H., 2018. Flora, life forms, and geographical distribution of plants in the desert areas of Aran and Bidgol, Isfahan Province, Iran. Iranian Journal of Natural Ecosystems 31(2), 258-278. (In Persian)
Davoudnia, B., Dadkhodaie, A., Naderi, R., van Slageren, M., Pourkhorshid, Z., Ekhlasi, M., 2024. Diversity and eco-geographical distribution pattern of some Aegilops species from the Zagros and Alborz Mountain ranges of Iran. Plant Ecology 225, 761-774.
Dehdari, S., Noedoost, F., Kazemi, S.R., Farahinia, M., Shojaei, F., 2021. Flora, life form and chorology of plants in the Dareh Anar watershed basin in Bagmalek, Khuzestan. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology) 34(2), 411–427. (In Persian)
Eshaghi Rad, J., Soleimani, F., Khodakarami, Y., 2017. Comparison of flora at the edge and within oak forests in southern slopes of Kermanshah forests. Applied Biology Journal 30(1), 19–36. (In Persian)
Ferraro, A., Scremin-Dias, E., 2017. Structural features of species of Asteraceae that arouse discussions about adaptation to seasonally dry environments of the Neotropics. Acta Botanica Brasilica 32, 113–127.
Ghahreman, A., 2000. Colored Flora of Iran. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
Ghollasimood, S., Amousi, O., Fattahi, B., 2014. Floristic composition, life forms and geographical distribution of semi-steppe pastures of western Zagros (Case study: Perdanan, West Azerbaijan, Iran). Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences 4(4), 75–86. (In Persian)
Granados, C., Serrano Gine, D. and García-Romero, A., 2014. Edge effect on composition and structure of temperate forests. Sierra de Monte Alto, Central Mexico. Caldasia, 36(2), pp.269-287.
Haq, S.M., Amjad, M.S., Waheed, M., Bussmann, R.W., Proćków, J., 2022. The floristic quality assessment index as ecological health indicator for forest vegetation: A case study from Zabarwan Mountain Range, Himalayas. Ecological Indicators 145, 109670.
Heydari, M., Cheraghi, J., Omidipour, R., Rostaminia, M., Kooch, Y., Valkó, O., Carcaillet, C., 2023. Tree dieback, woody plant diversity, and ecosystem functioning driven by topography in semi-arid mountain forests: Implications for ecosystem management. Journal of Environmental Management 339, 117892.
Heydari, M., Zeynali, N., Omidipour, R., Bazgir, M., Kohzadian, M., Prevosto, B., 2020. Linkage between plant species diversity and soil-based functions along a post-agricultural succession is influenced by vegetative forms. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 192(7), 429.
Heydari, M., Poorbabaei, H., Hatami, K., Salehi, A. and Begim, F.M., 2013. Floristic study of Dalab woodlands, north-east of Ilam province, west Iran. ranian Journal of Science & Technology 37A3: 301-308.
Hickman, K.R., Hartnett, D.C., Cochran, R.C. and Owensby, C.E., 2004. Grazing management effects on plant species diversity in tallgrass prairie. Journal of Range management, 57(1), pp.58-65.
Hofmeister, J., Hošek, J., Brabec, M., Hédl, R. and Modrý, M., 2013. Strong influence of long-distance edge effect on herb-layer vegetation in forest fragments in an agricultural landscape. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 15(6), pp.293-303.
Honnay, O., Jacquemyn, H., Bossuyt, B., Hermy, M., 2005. Forest fragmentation effects on patch occupancy and population viability of herbaceous plant species. New Phytologist 166(3), 723–736.
Hosseini, F., Jafaraqaei, J., Vaezi, Sh., Khosroshahli, M., 2013. Assessment of karyotypic diversity in the collection of Aegilops umbellulata species in Iran. Scientific-Research Journal of Genetic and Breeding of Rangeland and Forest Plants of Iran 21(1), 140–149. (In Persian)
Jalilian, N., Sheikhi, A. and Dehshiri, M.M., 2014. A floristic study in Bahar-ab Kuh area in Zagros mountains (in the border of Kermanshah and Ilam provinces, Iran). Taxonomy and Biosystematics, 6(18), pp.65-76.
Jafareiyan, N., Karami, O., 2022. Evaluating the rate of natural land degradation based on land use change in Zagros forests. Iranian Water and Management Journal 1(2), 47–61. (In Persian)
Kadawatha, A.D., Mecaskey, J.M., Swab, R.M., Burns, J.H., 2025. Edge feathering across forest–meadow ecotones increases light heterogeneity and understory plant diversity. Forests 16, 441.
Kirk, D.A., Martinez-Lanfranco, J.A., Forsyth, D.J., Martin, A.E., 2025. Invertebrate diversity is shaped by farm management, edge effects and landscape context in the Prairie Pothole Region of Canada. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 377, 109194.
Kupfer, J.A., Franklin, S.B., 2009. Linking spatial pattern and ecological responses in human-modified landscapes: The effects of deforestation and forest fragmentation on biodiversity. Geography Compass 3(4), 1331–1355.
Leonard, J., 1989. Contribution à l’étude de la flore et de la végétation des déserts d’Iran. Fasc. 1–9. Meise.
Ma, J., Li, J., Wu, W., Liu, J., 2023. Global forest fragmentation change from 2000 to 2020. Nature Communications 14, 3752.
Mahdavi, A., Rangin, S., Mehdizadeh, H. and Mirzaei Zadeh, V., 2018. Modelling the trend of Zagros forest degradation using logistic regression (case study: Chardavol Forest of Ilam province). Geography and Environmental Sustainability, 8(2), pp.1-13. (In Persian)
Maassoumi, A.-A., Nasab, F.K., 2023. Richness and endemism centers of mega genus Astragalus (Fabaceae) in Iran. Collectanea Botanica 42, e001.
Michalková, M., Bacigál, T., Čahojová, L., Dyderski, M.K., Jarolímek, I., Nemček, V., Slabejová, D. and Šibíková, M., 2025. Dissimilarity, nestedness, and turnover patterns in vegetation at the edge and in the core of lowland forest habitats. Plant Ecology, 226(6), pp.645-659.
Mondragón Valencia, V.A., Chilito, L.G., Cabezas-Majín, C.E. and Macías Pinto, D.J., 2026. Floristic Composition and Diversity Along a Successional Gradient in Andean Montane Forests, Southwestern Colombia. Plants, 15(3), p.389.
Moradipour, L.L., Pourbabaei, H. and Hatami, A., 2020. Vegetation structure and floristic composition (Case study: Mala Galeh Protected area, Fars Province, Iran). Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management), 10(3), pp.533-544.
Mozaffarian, V., 2008. Flora of Ilam. Contemporary Culture Publishing House, Tehran, 936 p. (In Persian)
Nafeesa, Z., Haq, S.M., Bashir, F., Gaus, G., Mazher, M., Anjum, M., Rasool, A., Rashid, N., 2021. Observations on the floristic, life-form, leaf-size spectra and habitat diversity of vegetation in the Bhimber hills of Kashmir Himalayas. Acta Ecologica Sinica 41(3), 228–234.
Noroozi, J., Talebi, A., Doostmohammadi, M., Manafzadeh, S., Asgarpour, Z., Schneeweiss, G.M., 2019. Endemic diversity and distribution of the Iranian vascular flora across phytogeographical regions, biodiversity hotspots and areas of endemism. Scientific Reports 9, 12991.
OmidiPour, R., Farji, A., Nedaf, M., 2018. Introduction of flora, life forms, and geographical distribution of plant species in Dezli area, Kurdistan Province, Iran. Iranian Journal of Natural Ecosystems 9(2), 49–66. (In Persian)
Poppenwimer, T., Mayrose, I., Demalach, N., 2023. Revising the global biogeography of annual and perennial plants. Nature 624, 109–114.
Pourbabaei, H. and Zandi Navgran, S. 2011. Study on floristic and plant species diversity in the Lebanon oak (Quercus libani) site, Chenareh, Marivan, Kordestan Province, western Iran. Bioscience, 3 (1): 15-22.
Raunkiaer, C., 1934. The Life Forms of Plants and Statistical Plant Geography. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Sanaei, A., Ali, A., 2019. What is the role of perennial plants in semi-steppe rangelands? Direct and indirect effects of perennial on annual plant species. Ecological Indicators 98, 389–396.
Segura, C., Jiménez, M.N., Fernández-Ondoño, E., Navarro, F.B., 2021. Effects of afforestation on plant diversity and soil quality in semiarid SE Spain. Forests 12(12), 1730.
Sokolova, G.G. and Borodulina, I.D., 2018. Natural and anthropogenic fragmentation of the birches in the forest-steppe zone of the Altai territory. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 8(4), pp.370-374.
Soga, M., Kanno, N., Yamaura, Y., Koike, S., 2013. Patch size determines the strength of edge effects on carabid beetle assemblages in urban remnant forests. Journal of Insect Conservation 17(2), 421-428.
Takhtajan, A., 1986. Floristic Regions of the World. University of California Press, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Talebi, K.S., Sajedi, T., Pourhashemi, M., 2014. Forests of Iran: A treasure from the past, a hope for the future, 10. (In Persian)
Valadi, G., Eshaghi Rad, J., Khodakarami, Y., Nemati Peykani, M., Harper, K.A., 2022. Edge influence on herbaceous plant species, diversity and soil properties in sparse oak forest fragments in Iran. Journal of Plant Ecology 15(2), 413–424.
Wagenaar, L.F., Olsson, O., Stjernman, M. and Smith, H.G., 2025. A systematic meta-review: The relationship between forest structures and biodiversity in deciduous forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 596, p.123072.
Zareei, R., Small, E., Assadi, M., Mehregan, I., 2020. The taxonomic status of Medicago sinskiae: insights from morphological and molecular data. Taxonomy and Biosystematics 12, 1-14.
Zeb, A., Iqbal, Z., Khan, S.M., Rahman, I.U., Haq, F., Afzal, A., Qadir, G., Ijaz, F., 2020. Species diversity, biological spectrum and phenological behaviour of vegetation of Biha Valley (Swat), Pakistan. Acta Ecologica Sinica 40, 190-196.
Zeynali, N., Heydari, M., Bazgir, M., Kohzadian, M., 2021. Influence of short and long period abandonment from agriculture on vegetation and soil seed bank composition compared to undisturbed forest in Zagros region. Ecology of Iranian Forests 9(17), 49-61. (In Persian)
Zhang, L., Qi, S., Zhao, T., Li, P., Wang, X., 2024. Applying specific habitat indicators to study Asteraceae species diversity patterns in mountainous area of Beijing, China. Forests 15, 1348.
Zohary, M., 1973. Geobotanical Foundations of the Middle East. 2 vols. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart.
Zhu, H., Xu, Z.F., Wang, H. and Li, B.G., 2004. Tropical rain forest fragmentation and its ecological and species diversity changes in southern Yunnan. Biodiversity & Conservation 13(7), 1355-1372.