تأثیر آشفتگی خاک ناشی از عملیات چوبکشی بر پوشش علفی کف جنگل‌های هیرکانی (مورد پژوهی: جنگل آموزشی-پژوهشی خیرود)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه جنگلداری و اقتصاد جنگل، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران.

10.22059/jne.2026.409321.2880

چکیده

عملیات چوبکشی مکانیزه از مهم‌ترین عوامل آشفتگی در جنگل‌های هیرکانی است که تغییرات فیزیکی و زیستی قابل‌توجهی در کف جنگل ایجاد می‌کند. این پژوهش به بررسی تأثیر عملیات چوبکشی بر پوشش گیاهی علفی کف جنگل در بازة زمانی میان‌مدت می‌پردازد. این پژوهش در سال 1404 در جنگل آموزشی-پژوهشی خیرود انجام شد. چهار پارسل با سنین مختلف بهره‌برداری (۷، ۱۰، ۱۵ و ۲۰ سال) انتخاب و در هر پارسل، پلات‌های نمونه‌برداری در مسیرهای چوبکشی با شدت‌های مختلف تردد (کم، متوسط، زیاد و دپو) و مناطق شاهد مستقر شد. ویژگی‌های فیزیکی خاک (جرم مخصوص ظاهری، مقاومت به نفوذ و درصد تخلخل خاک)، عمق و کیفیت لاشبرگ، شدت نور و پوشش گیاهی علفی مورد اندازه‌گیری قرار گرفت. شاخص‌های تنوع زیستی سیمپسون، شانون-وینر، یکنواختی و مارگاف نیز محاسبه شد. نتایج نشان داد کوبیدگی خاک ناشی از تردد ماشین‌های چوبکشی به‌طور معنی‌داری باعث افزایش جرم مخصوص ظاهری خاک (تا ۶۲٪) و مقاومت به نفوذ (تا ۳ برابر) و کاهش تخلخل خاک (تا ۴۹٪)، عمق و کیفیت لاشبرگ می‌شود. تغییرات فیزیکی خاک و لاشبرگ همراه با افزایش ۵-۴ برابری نور دریافتی، منجر به تغییر ترکیب گونه‌ای و ساختار جامعة علفی شد. تراکم گیاهان علفی در مسیرهای چوبکشی به‌طور میانگین نزدیک به 2 برابر مناطق شاهد بود، اما این افزایش ناشی از غالبیت گونه‌های پیشرو و نورپسند است. بررسی شاخص‌های تنوع زیستی نشان داد، پوشش گیاهی به‌شدت تحت تأثیر عملیات چوبکشی است و تغییرات نور، لاشبرگ و کوبیدگی خاک از عوامل کلیدی در تغییر پوشش گیاهی علفی کف جنگل هستند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effects of soil disturbance caused by timber skidding operations on the herbaceous vegetation of Hyrcanian forests (case study: Kheyrud educational and research forest)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ali Babaei Ahmadabad
  • Meghdad Jourgholami

Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Mechanized skidding is among the most significant disturbance factors in Hyrcanian forests, causing substantial physical and biological alterations to the forest floor. This study examines the mid-term impacts of skidding on forest floor herbaceous vegetation. The research was conducted in 2025 in the Kheyrud Educational and Research Forest. Four compartments with time since harvest (7, 10, 15, and 20 years) were selected, and within each compartment, sampling plots were established on skid trails with different traffic intensities (low, medium, high, and landing areas) as well as in control areas. Soil physical properties (bulk density, penetration resistance, and soil porosity percentage), litter depth and quality, light intensity, and herbaceous vegetation cover were measured. Simpson's, Shannon-Wiener, Evenness, and Margalef biodiversity indices were also calculated. The results demonstrated that soil compaction resulting from skidder traffic significantly increased soil bulk density (62%) and penetration resistance, while decreasing soil porosity (49%), as well as litter depth and quality. These physical alterations to the soil and litter, coupled with a 4- to 5-fold increase in received light, led to changes in species composition and the structure of the herbaceous community. The density of herbaceous plants on skid trails was, on average, nearly twice that of the control areas; however, this increase was driven by the dominance of pioneer and light-demanding species. The results indicated that vegetation is strongly influenced by skidding operations, and that changes in light availability, litter characteristics, and soil compaction are key factors governing alterations in forest floor herbaceous vegetation.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Biodiversity
  • Herbaceous vegetation
  • Hyrcanian forests
  • Logging operations
  • Soil disturbance
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دوره 79، شماره 1
خرداد 1405
صفحه 107-126