نشریه محیط زیست طبیعی

بازیابی مشخصه‌های زیستی خاک بعد از عملیات چوبکشی در گرادیان ارتفاعی توده‌های جنگلی خالص راش ( Fagus orientalis Lipsky)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه جنگلداری و اقتصاد جنگل، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران.

2 گروه احیاء مناطق خشک و کوهستانی، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی، دانشکدگان کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران.

10.22059/jne.2025.392879.2794

چکیده

آشفتگی‌های کوتاه‌مدت و بلندمدت پس از بهره‌برداری جنگل، مانند بهم‌خوردگی خاک، با آسیب به خاک و درختان، تاب‌آوری بوم‌سازگان‌های جنگلی در برابر تغییرات اقلیمی را کاهش می‌دهند. پژوهش حاضر فرآیند بازیابی مشخصه‌های زیستی (شامل تراکم و زی‌تودة خشک کرم خاکی، تنفس میکروبی خاک و زی‌تودة ریشه‌های مویین) خاک‌های فشرده‌شده در پنج گرادیان ارتفاعی (700، 900، 1100، 1300 و 1500 متر از سطح دریا) و سه شدت تردد (کم، متوسط و زیاد) پس از گذشت 7 سال از عملیات خروج چوب در مسیرهای چوبکشی در مقایسه با مناطق دست‌نخورده (شاهد) در جنگل‌های خیرود و حوزة 46 در عمق­ 10-0 سانتی­متری خاک آزمون کرد. نتایج آزمون آنالیز واریانس دوطرفه نشان داد که تأثیر گرادیان ارتفاعی و شدت تردد بر شاخص‌های زیستی خاک در جنگل‌های راش خالص نشان از کاهش شدید این شاخص‌ها با افزایش گرادیان ارتفاع داشت و افزایش گرادیان ارتفاع از 700 به 1500 متر، سبب کاهش تراکم و زی‌تودة کرم‌های خاکی، تنفس میکروبی، و زیست‌توده ریشه‌های نازک در محدودة ۵۶-۷۳ درصد شد (بیشترین کاهش در زی‌تودة ریشه‌ها (72/2 درصد) و کمترین کاهش در تنفس میکروبی (8/56 درصد). همبستگی پیرسون بین ویژگی‌های زیستی و اثر متقابل گرادیان ارتفاعی و شدت تردد نشان داد که تمامی شاخص‌های زیستی همبستگی منفی بسیار قوی و معنی‌دار نشان می‌دهد (0/05>P). گرادیان ارتفاعی به‌عنوان عامل کلیدی تعیین‌کنندة سلامت خاک در جنگل‌های راش عمل می‌کند، به‌طوری که ارتفاعات بیش از 1300 متر به‌دلیل شرایط سخت محیطی و حساسیت به تردد، بیشترین آسیب‌پذیری را نشان می‌دهند. اثرات تردد ماشین‌آلات بر مشخصه‌های زیستی خاک حتی پس از ۷ سال باقی می‌ماند و بازیابی در ارتفاعات بالا به بیش از هفت سال زمان نیاز دارد. این یافته‌ها بر ضرورت اتخاذ رویکردهای مدیریت جامع جنگل که عوامل گرادیان ارتفاعی، خاک و گونه‌های گیاهی را مد نظر قرار می‌دهند تأکید می‌کنند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Recovery of soil biological properties after skidding operations along an altitudinal gradient in pure Oriental Beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests stands

نویسندگان [English]

  • Tohid Ghassemi 1
  • Meghdad Jourgholami 1
  • Mohammad Jafari 2
  • Hadi Sohrabi 1

1 Department of Forestry and Forest Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.

2 Department of Reclamation of Arid and Mountainous Region, Faculty of Natural Resources, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Short-term and long-term disturbances following forest harvesting, such as soil disturbances, damage to soil and trees, reduce the resilience of forest ecosystems to climate change. This study evaluated the process of soil biological indicators (including earthworm density and dry biomass, soil microbial respiration, and fine root biomass) in compacted soils across five elevational gradients (700, 900, 1100, 1300, and 1500 meters asl) and three traffic intensities (low, moderate, and high) seven years after logging operations in skid trails, compared to undisturbed (control) areas in the Kheyrud and Watershed No. 46, pure beech forest in northern Iran at a soil depth of 0–10 cm. Results from two-way ANOVA revealed that the influence of elevational gradient and traffic intensity on soil biological indicators in pure beech forests indicated a sharp decline in biological indicators with increasing elevation. Elevation increases from 700 to 1500 meters led to a 56–73% reduction in earthworm density (n m-2) and biomass (mg m-2), microbial respiration, and fine root biomass (the highest decline was in fine root biomass (72.2%) and the lowest in microbial respiration (56.8%)). Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated strong, significant negative correlations (P<0.05) between all biological indicators and the interaction effect of altitudinal gradient and traffic intensity. The elevational gradient emerged as a key determinant of soil health in beech forests, with elevations above 1300 meters displaying the highest vulnerability due to harsh environmental conditions and sensitivity to machine traffic. The impacts of machinery traffic persisted even after seven years, and recovery at higher elevations is projected to require > 7 years. These findings underscore the necessity for comprehensive forest management approaches that explicitly account for altitudinal gradients, soil characteristics, and plant species. 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Earthworm density and dry biomass
  • Fine root biomass
  • Hyrcanian forests
  • Soil microbial respiration
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نشریه محیط زیست طبیعی
دوره 78، شماره 2
شهریور 1404
صفحه 169-184