نشریه محیط زیست طبیعی

اثربخشی عملیات اصلاحی بر پوشش گیاهی و ظرفیت مراتع البرز شرقی با دیدگاه بهره‌برداری حفاظتی و پایدار (مطالعة حوزة دستی تواز-ایران)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

بخش تحقیقات جنگل و مرتع، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان سمنان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، سمنان، ایران.

10.22059/jne.2025.386804.2742

چکیده

عملیات اصلاحی سالهاست که به­ منظور نگهداشت آب، خاک و حفاظت از اکوسیستم ­ها در راستای بهینه ­سازی زندگی آبخیزنشینان اجرا می­ شود. آگاهی از میزان موفقیت و اثرگذاری این پروژه ­ها در طی زمان می­ تواند اجرا و نگهداری از آنها را توجیه نماید. این مطالعه، اثربخشی عملیات مکانیکی (بندهای خاکی، بندهای سنگی-ملاتی و گابیون) و زیستی (کپه ­کاری، بذرپاشی، نهالکاری مثمر و علوفه ­کاری) در حوزة دستی­ تواز، میامی، ایران را بر پوشش گیاهی و ظرفیت مراتع بررسی می ­نماید. اندازه­گیری­ها 15 سال بعد از اجرای عملیات در 7 ­تیپ مرتعی به‌صورت تصادفی-سیستماتیک انجام گرفت. تیپ ­های گیاهی با استفاده از روش فیزیونومی-فلورستیک تعیین شد. درصد پوشش، تولید، وضعیت، گرایش تیپ­های­ گیاهی و ظرفیت چرا (با دیدگاه بهره ­برداری پایدار) در کل حوزه محاسبه و با قبل از اقدامات مقایسه شد. به­منظور تفکیک اثر بارندگی از مدیریت، بارندگی 15 سال قبل و بعد از عملیات با آزمون t مقایسه شد که این اختلاف معنی­ دار نبود. وضعیت متوسط مراتع، گرایش پیش­روندة تیپ ­های گیاهی و بهبود وضعیت تولید نشان­دهندة اثربخشی عملیات اجرا شده بود. تولید در کل حوزه از 901917/6به 1349135/9کیلوگرم و ظرفیت چرا در 90 روز از 5889/2واحد دامی به 7495/19 واحد دامی رسید. همچنین تیپ ­های گیاهی پس از عملیات از 5 تیپ به 7 تیپ گیاهی رسیده بود و گونة درمنه ­دشتی در 5 تیپ غالب بود. در خصوص عملیات مکانیکی باید گفت که اثرگذاری هر عملیات محدود به مرزهای بین تیپ‌های گیاهی یا زیرحوزه ­ها نیست. این عملیات بعضاً در مرز بین دو تیپ گیاهی اجرا شده که با توجه به ماهیت پروژه قادرند بر تیپی که فاقد عملیات هم هست، اثرگذار باشند. اگرچه عملیات پایدار و مقرون ­به­ صرفه عملیات زیستی است که در سطح وسیع قابلیت اجرا دارد، اما عملیات مکانیکی نیز در شرایط فرسایش پیش­ رونده، ضروری بوده و فرصت مناسب برای استقرار پوشش گیاهی و کنترل فرسایش را فراهم می ­آورد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effectiveness of improvement operations on vegetation and capacity of Eastern Alborz rangelands from the perspective of conservation and sustainable exploitation (Case study: Dasti Tavaz-Iran)

نویسنده [English]

  • Somayeh Naseri

Forests and Rangelands Research Department, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Semnan, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Remedial operations have been carried out for years in human societies to preserve water and soil and protect ecosystems in order to optimize the living conditions of watershed residents. Being aware of the success and effectiveness of these projects over time can justify their implementation and maintenance scientifically. This study examines the effectiveness of mechanical (Earth dams, Stone-mortar dams, Gabions) and biological operations (Pit-Seeding, Seed Spreading, fruitful planting and foraging) on the vegetation cover of rangelands in Dasti Tawaz, Mayamey, Iran. Measurements were carried out 15 years after the operation in 7 rangeland types in a random-systematic manner. Vegetation types were determined using the physiognomic-floristic method. The percentage of vegetation cover, production, condition, trend of vegetation types and grazing capacity (with a sustainable exploitation perspective) in the basin were calculated and compared with before the measures. In order to separate the effect of rainfall from management, rainfall 15 years before and after the operation was compared with a t-test, and this difference was not significant. The intermediate condition of rangelands, the progressive trend of plant types and the improvement of the production situation in this area have shown the effectiveness of the implemented operations. Production in the basin increased from 901997.6 to 1349135.9 kg and grazing capacity in 90 days increased from 5895.2 to 7495.19 animal units. Also, the number of plant types in the area has increased from 5 types to 7 types, of which Artemisia sieberi is dominant in 5 types. Regarding mechanical operations, it should be noted that the effectiveness of any operation is not limited to the boundaries between vegetation types or sub-basins. These operations are sometimes carried out at the boundary between two vegetation types, which, depending on the nature of the project, can also affect the type without remedial operations. Although biological operations are the most sustainable and cost-effective and can be implemented on a large scale, mechanical operations are also necessary in conditions of progressive erosion and provide an appropriate opportunity for vegetation establishment and erosion control.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Rangeland restoration and improvement
  • Rangeland Vegetation Changes
  • Monitoring
  • Mayamey
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نشریه محیط زیست طبیعی
دوره 77، شماره 4
اسفند 1403
صفحه 635-652