Determining the allowable rate of Oncorhynchus mykiss fish consumption in terms of heavy metals in rivers of Khash city

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Judgment

2 PhD graduated ,Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran

3 Univercity of tarbiat modares

Abstract

Heavy metals are one of the main groups of environmental pollutants; enter the aquatic environment through natural and human activities. These metals may accumulate in aquatic organisms including fish and be a potential danger to the health of the ecosystem and living organisms, especially for human beings. In the present study, the concentration of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb and Ni) were measured in the muscle tissue of Oncorhynchus mykiss fish in three stations (Dehpabid, Bidaster and Eskalabad) of Khash city in spring 2019. After preparation and chemical digestion of fish tissue, the amounts of heavy metals studied were determined by the atomic absorption. The results of this study showed that the highest rate of accumulation in all stations studied was related to Zn> Cu> Pb >Ni, respectively. Average amount of heavy metal accumulation was compared within the international standards of WHO, FDA, NHMRC, FAO, UKMAFF and USEPA. The toxicity of heavy metals Zn, Cu and Pb were lower than the permitted concentration of international standards. According to the results, only nickel metal was close to the WHO standard limit in the Bidaster and Eskel Abad samples, indicating that more control should be carried out on the production resources this metal around the regions studied. Also, the daily absorption rates of the studied metals (EDI) for children and adults were lower than the reference dose set by the EPA and the TI provided by the FAO/WHO Organization. The results of this study showed that the consumption of Oncorhynchus mykiss fish was considered hygienically suitable for human consumption, but due to the bioaccumulation and toxicity of heavy metals, it is necessary to study risk assessment, considering all its possible routes exposure in these regions.

Keywords

Coulibaly, S., Atse, B.C., Koffi, K.M., Sylla, S., Konan, K.J., 2012. Seasonal accumulations of some heavy metal in water, sediment and tissues of black-chinned tilapia Sarotherodon melanotheron from Biétri Bay in Ebrié Lagoon, Ivory Coast. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 88(4), 571-76.
Copat, C., Arena, G., Fiore, M., Ledda, C., Fallico, R., Sciacca, S., 2013. Heavy metals concentrations in fish and shellfish from eastern Mediterranean Sea: consumption advisories. Food and Chemical Toxicology 53, 33-37.
Dallinger, R., Prosi, F., Segner, H., Back, H., 1987. Contaminated food and uptake of heavy metals by fish: a review and a proposal for further research. Oecologia 73(1), 91-98.
Eisler, R., 1985. Cadmium hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: a synoptic review. Technical report. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD (USA).
Farkas, A., Salanki, J., Varanka, I.. 2000. Heavy metal concentrations in fish of Lake Balaton. Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management 5(4), 271-79.
FAO, 1983. Compilation of legal limits for hazardous substance in fish and fishery product (Food and Agricultural Organization). FAO Fishery Circular, 464: 5-100.
FDA (Food and Drug Administration of the United States), 1987. National shellfish sanitation program. Guide for the control of molluscan shellfish. In: Guidance documents, chapter II, Growing areas: 04, Action levels, tolerances and guidance levels for poisonous or deleterious substances in seafood. Updated September 2016.
Hassanpour, M., Rajaei, G., SinkaKarimi, M., Ferdosian, F., Maghsoudloorad, R., 2014. Determination of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu) in Caspian kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum) from Miankaleh international wetland and human health risk. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 24(113),163-70 (in Persian).
Humtsoe, N., Davoodi, R., Kulkarni, B., Chavan, B., 2007. Effect of arsenic on the enzymes of the rohu carp Labeo rohita. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 14, 17-29.
Krishna, P., Jyothirmayi, V., Rao, K.M., 2014. Human health risk assessment of heavy metal accumulation through fish consumption, from Machilipatnam Coast. Andhra Pradesh, India 32, 2360-2403.
Khanipour, A., Ahmadi, M., Zareh gashti, G., Seyfzadeh, M., Rafipour, F., 2017. Study on Bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Co, Cr) in edible muscle tissue of Crucian Carp (Carassiu sauratus) from international wetland of Anzali. Journal of Aquatic Ecology 6 (4), 91-99 (in Persian).
Kaus, A., Schäffer, M., Karthe, D., Büttner, O., von Tümpling, W. and Borchardt, D., 2017. Regional patterns of heavy metal exposure and contamination in the fish fauna of the Kharaa River basin (Mongolia). Regional Environmental Change 17(7), 2023-2037.
Lashkari Moghadam, N., Rabani, M., Ahmad Panahi, H., 2008. Evaluathion of heavy metal (Zn, Co, Ni, Cd) in canned tuna and oil. Journal of Marine Science & Technology Research 3(2), 78-84.

Liu, M., Xu, Y., Nawab, J., 2020. Contamination features, geo-accumulation, enrichments and human health risks of toxic heavy metal (loids) from fish consumption collected along Swat river, Pakistan. Environmental Technology & Innovation 17, 100554-100576.

Liu, X., Jiang, J., Yan, Y., Dai, Y.Y., Deng, B., 2018. Distribution and risk assessment of metals in water, sediments, and wild fish from Jinjiang River in Chengdu, China. Chemosphere 196, 45-52.

Leung, H., Leung, A., Wang, H., Ma, K., Liang, Y., Ho, K.C., 2014. Assessment of heavy metals/metalloid (As, Pb, Cd, Ni, Zn, Cr, Cu, Mn) concentrations in edible fish species tissue in the Pearl river delta (PRD), China. Marine pollution bulletin 78(1-2), 235-45.
Mahboob, S., Al-Balawi, H.A., Al-Misned, F., Al-Quraishy, S., Ahmad, Z., 2014. Tissue metal distribution and risk assessment for important fish species from Saudi Arabia. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 92 (1), 61-73.
Malik, R.N., Hashmi, M.Z., Huma, Y., 2014. Heavy metal accumulation in edible fish species from Rawal Lake Reservoir, Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 21(2), 1188-96.
Mishra, S., Bhalke, S., Saradhi, I., Suseela, B., Tripathi, R., Pandit, G., 2007. Trace metals and organometals in selected marine species and preliminary risk assessment to human beings in Thane Creek area, Mumbai. Chemosphere 69(6), 972-78.
Moopam, A., 1999. Manual of oceanographic observation and pollution analysis. regional or-ganization for the protection of Marine Environment (ROPME).
Meng, G.e.,  Guijian, L.,  Houqi, L., Yuan, Liu., 2020. Levels of metals in fish tissues of Liza haematocheila and Lateolabrax japonicus from the Yellow River Delta of China and risk assessment for consumers. Marine Pollution Bulletin 157, 111286-111298.
MAFF. 1995. Monitoring and surveillance of non-radioactive contaminants in the aquatic environment and activities regulating the disposal of wastes at sea. Aquatic Environment Monitoring Report, No. 44. Direcorate of Fisheries Research, Lowestoft.
Mukherjee, A., Sengupta, M.K., Hossain, M.A., Ahamed, S., Das, B., Nayak, B., 2006. Arsenic contamination in groundwater: a global perspective with emphasis on the Asian scenario. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition 27, 142-63.
NHMRC (National Health and Medical Research council). 2004. National guidelines for waste management in the health industry. Updated September 2016.
Naji, A., Ismail, A., 2012. Sediment quality assessment of Klang Estuary, Malaysia. Aquatic ecosystem health & management 15(3), 287-93.
Nachtergaele, F., van Velthuizen, H., Verelst, L., 2009. Harmonized world soil database (version 1.1). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Naji, A., Khan, F.R., Hashemi, SH., 2016. Potential human health risk assessment of trace metals via the consumption of marine fish in Persian Gulf. Marine Pollution Bulletin 109(1), 667-71.
Paul, AK., Iqbal, S., Atique, U., Alam, L., 2020. Muscular Tissue Bioaccumulation and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Two Edible Fish Species (Gudusia chapra and Eutropiichthys vacha) in Padma River, Bangladesh. Punjab University Journal of Zoology 35(1), 81-89.
Rahman, MS., Molla, A.H., Saha, N., Rahman, A., 2012. Study on heavy metals levels and its risk assessment in some edible fishes from Bangshi River, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Food chemistry 134(4), 1847-54.
Storelli, M.M., Barone, G., Cuttone, G., Giungato, D., Garofalo, R., 2010. Occurrence of toxic metals (Hg, Cd and Pb) in fresh and canned tuna: public health implications. Food and chemical toxicology 11(48), 1355-1370.
Tao, Y., Yuan, Z., Wei, M., Xiaona, H., 2012. Characterization of heavy metals in water and sediments in Taihu Lake, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 184(7), 4367-82.
Türkmen, M., Ciminli, C., 2007. Determination of metals in fish and mussel species by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. Food Chemistry 103(2), 670-75.
Türkdoğan, M.K., Kilicel, F., Kara, K., Tuncer, I., Uygan, I., 2003. Heavy metals in soil, vegetables and fruits in the endemic upper gastrointestinal cancer region of Turkey. Environmental toxicology and pharmacology 13(3), 175-79.
USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency), 2000. Guidance for Assessing Chemical Contamination Data for Use in Fish Advisories. Vol. II. Risk Assessment and Fish Consumption Limits EPA/823-B94-004, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
USEPA. Reference dose (RfD) description and use in health risk assessments. Washington DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency; 1993 [cited 2019 March 25]. Available from: https://www. epa.gov/iris/reference-dose-rfd-description-and-usehealth-risk-assessments.
W.H.O, 1985. Review of Potentially Harmful Substances- Cadmium, Lead and Tin. WHO, Geneva. (Repotrs and Studies No. 22. MO/ FAO/ UNESCO/ WMO/ WHO/ IAEA/ UN/ UNEP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution).150P.
Zhong, W., Zhang, Y., Wu, Z., Yang, R., Chen, X., Yang, J., 2018. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in freshwater fish in the central and eastern North China. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 157, 343-49.