Health risk assessment of air particulate pollutants (PM10 and PM2.5) in Tehran, A case study of Poonak

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Environment, Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran.

2 Department of Environmental Science, Environmental Science Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.

10.22059/jne.2023.356444.2536

Abstract

Air pollution has harmful effects on the environment and human health and can cause chronic and acute diseases in different age groups. Several studies have evaluated the health risk of air pollutants to determine carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the health risk of PM10 and PM2.5 pollutants in Poonak area of Tehran in 2017. In this research, the data of air pollutants were obtained from the archive section of the Tehran air quality control website. The resulting data were analyzed by SPSS version 26 software. Then, the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk for PM10 and PM2.5 was calculated from the guidelines of the US Environmental Protection Agency. The 98th percentile of 24-hour PM2.5 concentration was 52 μg/m3, which exceeded the EPA standard. Also, the 24-hour concentration of PM10 exceeded the recommended value of EPA on only one day a year and was equal to 230 μg/m3, which indicated that the 24-hour concentration of PM10 did not exceed the EPA standard in Poonak. The lowest concentration of PM2.5 particles in 2017 was carcinogenic for all age groups. Non-carcinogenic risk for PM2.5 varied from 0.2 to 17.8. Also, for PM10, it was from 0.12 to 11.1 in the lowest and highest pollutant concentration, respectively. The results of this study showed that air pollution by suspended particles in the Poonak region of Tehran is a very important and serious issue because in average and maximum concentrations it can cause cancer risk for children and adults.

Keywords

Ashrafi, M., Ebadi, S., 2021. Locating the optimal home-to-school routes for students and the walking bus model, a case study: two elementary schools in Ponk neighborhood of Tehran. Andishnama Shahr. 1, 63-68. (In Persian)
Bao, J., Yang, X., Zhao, Z., Wang, Z., Yu, C., Li, X., 2015. The Spatial-Temporal Characteristics of Air Pollution in China from 2001–2014. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, 15875-15887.
Barzeghar, V., Sarbakhsh, P., Hassanvand, M. S., Faridi, S., & Gholampour, A., 2020. Long-term trend of ambient air PM10, PM2.5, and O3 and their health effects in Tabriz city, Iran, during 2006–2017. Sustainable Cities and Society 54, 101988.
Bhatnagar, A., 2022. Cardiovascular Effects of Particulate Air Pollution. Annual Review of Medicine73, 393-406.
Daryanoosh, M., Goudarzi, G., Rashidi, R., Keishams, F., Hopke, P.K., Mohammadi, M.J., Nourmoradi, H., Sicard, P., Takdastan, A., Vosoughi, M., 2018. Risk of morbidity attributed to ambient PM10 in the western cities of Iran. Toxin Reviews 37, 313-318.
de Oliveira, B. F. A., Ignotti, E., Artaxo, P., do Nascimento Saldiva, P. H., Junger, W. L., Hacon, S., 2012a. Risk assessment of PM2.5 to child residents in Brazilian Amazon region with biofuel production. Environmental Health 11, 64.
De Oliveira, B. F. A., Ignotti, E., Artaxo, P., do Nascimento Saldiva, P. H., Junger, W. L., Hacon, S., 2012b. Risk assessment of PM2. 5 to child residents in Brazilian Amazon region with biofuel production. Environmental Health 11, 1-11.
Delikhoon, M., Fazlzadeh, M., Sorooshian, A., Baghani, A. N., Golaki, M., Ashournejad, Q., Barkhordari, A., 2018. Characteristics and health effects of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in an urban area in Iran. Environmental Pollution 242, 938-951.
EPA, U. Exposure Factors Handbook 2011 Edition (Final), in, US Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC, 2011. 
Ezimand, K., Kakroodi, A., 2019. Prediction and spatio–Temporal analysis of ozone concentration in a metropolitan area. Ecological Indicators 103, 589-598.
Faridi, S., Shamsipour, M., Krzyzanowski, M., Künzli, N., Amini, H., Azimi, F., Malkawi, M., Momeniha, F., Gholampour, A., Hassanvand, M.S., Naddafi, K., 2018. Long-term trends and health impact of PM2.5 and O3 in Tehran, Iran, 2006. Environment International 114, 37-49.
Forsberg, B., Stjernberg, N., Wall, S., 1997. People can detect poor air quality well below guideline concentrations: a prevalence study of annoyance reactions and air pollution from traffic. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 54, 44-48.
Greene, N.A., Morris, V.R., 2006. Assessment of public health risks associated with atmospheric exposure to PM2. 5 in Washington, DC, USA. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 3, 86-97.
Gusti, A., 2017. Comparison of Risk Level of Exposure to PM10 on Students at Vegetated and Non Vegetated Elementary School in Padang City. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research 12, 9434-9437.
He, J., Gong, S., Yu, Y., Yu, L., Wu, L., Mao, H., Song, C., Zhao, S., Liu, H., Li, X., Li, R., 2017. Air pollution characteristics and their relation to meteorological conditions during 2014–2015 in major Chinese cities. Environmental Pollution 223, 484-496.
Heydari, G., Taghizdeh, F., Fazlzadeh, M., Jafari, A. J., Asadgol, Z., Mehrizi, E. A., Moradi, M., Arfaeinia, H., 2019. Levels and health risk assessments of particulate matters (PM 2.5 and PM 10) in indoor/outdoor air of waterpipe cafés in Tehran, Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, 7215-7205.
Hopkins, D., Williams, D. 2011. Guidance on Human Health Risk Assessment for Environmental Impact Assessment in Alberta. Edmonton, Alberta: Health Protection Branch, Alberta Health & Wellness.
Hosseinpoor, A.R., Forouzanfar, M. H., Yunesian, M., Asghari, F., Naieni, K.H., Farhood, D., 2005. Air pollution and hospitalization due to angina pectoris in Tehran, Iran: a time-series study. Environmental Research 99, 126-131.
Jaafari, J., Naddafi, K., Yunesian, M., Nabizadeh, R., Hassanvand, M.S., Ghozikali, M.G., Nazmara, S., Shamsollahi, H.R., Yaghmaeian, K., 2018. Study of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 levels in during dust storms and local air pollution events in urban and rural sites in Tehran. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 24, 482-493.
Khaniabadi, Y.O., Goudarzi, G., Daryanoosh, S.M., Borgini, A., Tittarelli, A., De Marco, A., 2017. Exposure to PM 10, NO 2, and O 3 and impacts on human health. Environmental science and pollution Research 24, 2781-2789.
Kim, H., Kang, K., Kim, T., 2018. Measurement of particulate matter (PM2. 5) and health risk assessment of cooking-generated particles in the kitchen and living rooms of apartment houses. Sustainability 10, 843.
Kim, I., Lee, K., Lee, S., Kim, S.D., 2019. Characteristics and health effects of PM2.5 emissions from various sources in Gwangju, South Korea. Science of The Total Environment 696, 133890.
Krupnova, T.G., Rakova, O.V., Bondarenko, K.A., Saifullin, A.F., Popova, D.A., Potgieter-Vermaak, S., Godoi, R.H.M., 2021. Elemental Composition of PM2.5 and PM10 and Health Risks Assessment in the Industrial Districts of Chelyabinsk, South Ural Region, Russia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, 12354.
Kumar, A., Ambade, B., Sankar, T.K., Sethi, S.S., & Kurwadkar, S., 2020. Source identification and health risk assessment of atmospheric PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Jamshedpur, India. Sustainable Cities and Society 52, 101801.
Lin, C.-C., Chiu, C.-C., Lee, P.-Y., Chen, K.-J., He, C.-X., Hsu, S.-K., Cheng, K.-C., 2022. The Adverse Effects of Air Pollution on the Eye: A Review. International journal of environmental research and Public Health 19, 1186.
Liu, J., Mauzerall, D. L., Chen, Q., Zhang, Q., Song, Y., Peng, W., Klimont, Z., Qiu, X., Zhang, S., Hu, M., 2016. Air pollutant emissions from Chinese households: A major and underappreciated ambient pollution source. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, 7756-7761.
Lowrance, W. W., Of acceptable risk: Science and the determination of safety.
Maji, K.J., Dikshit, A.K., Deshpande, A., 2016. Human health risk assessment due to air pollution in 10 urban cities in Maharashtra, India. Cogent Environmental Science 2, 1193110.
Malakan, W., Thepanondh, S., Kondo, A., 2022. Modeling of Inhalation Health Risk of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Vicinity of Maptaphut Petroleum and Petrochemical Industrial Estate, Thailand. Sustainability 14, 12073.
Mirrezaei, M.A., Orkomi, A.A., 2020. Gas flares contribution in total health risk assessment of BTEX in Asalouyeh, Iran. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 137, 223-237.
Mohammed, A.M., 2017. Estimation of PM10 Health Impacts on Human within Urban Areas of Makkah city, KSA.
Murata, H., Barnhill, L.M., Bronstein, J.M., 2022. Air Pollution and the Risk of Parkinson's Disease: A Review. Mov Disord 37, 894-904.
Naddafi, K., Hassanvand, M.S., Yunesian, M., Momeniha, F., Nabizadeh, R., Faridi, S., Gholampour, A., 2012. Health impact assessment of air pollution in megacity of Tehran, Iran. Iranian Journal of environmental Health Science & Engineering 9, 1-7.
NRC, U., 1983. Risk assessment in the federal government: managing the process. National Research Council, Washington DC 11.
Omidi Khaniabadi, Y., Sicard, P., Omidi Khaniabadi, A., Mohammadinejad, S., Keishams, F., Takdastan, A., Najafi, A., De Marco, A., Daryanoosh, M., 2019. Air quality modeling for health risk assessment of ambient PM10, PM2. 5 and SO2 in Iran. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 25, 1298-1310.
Pabroa, P.C.B., Racho, J.M.D., Jagonoy, A.M., Valdez, J.D.G., Bautista Vii, A.T., Yee, J.R., Pineda, R., Manlapaz, J., Atanacio, A.J., Coronel, I.C.V., Salvador, C.M.G., Cohen, D.D., 2022. Characterization, source apportionment and associated health risk assessment of respirable air particulates in Metro Manila, Philippines. Atmospheric Pollution Research 13, 101379.
Ritchie, H., Spooner, F., Roser, M., 2018. Causes of death. Our world in data.
Rostami, R., Zarei, A., Saranjam, B., Ghaffari, H.R., Hazrati, S., Poureshg, Y., Fazlzadeh, M., 2019. Exposure and risk assessment of PAHs in indoor air of waterpipe cafés in Ardebil, Iran. Building and Environment 155, 47-57.
Sanidas, E., Papadopoulos, D.P., Grassos, H., Velliou, M., Tsioufis, K., Barbetseas, J., Papademetriou, V., 2017. Air pollution and arterial hypertension. A new risk factor is in the air. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension 11, 709-715.
Shahsavani, A., Naddafi, K., Jafarzade Haghighifard, N., Mesdaghinia, A., Yunesian, M., Nabizadeh, R., Arahami, M., Sowlat, M. H., Yarahmadi, M., Saki, H., Alimohamadi, M., Nazmara, S., Motevalian, S.A., Goudarzi, G., 2012. The evaluation of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 concentrations during the Middle Eastern Dust (MED) events in Ahvaz, Iran, from april through september 2010. Journal of Arid Environments 77, 72-83.
So, R., Chen, J., Mehta, A.J., Liu, S., Strak, M., Wolf, K., Hvidtfeldt, U.A., Rodopoulou, S., Stafoggia, M., Klompmaker, J.O., 2021. Long‐term exposure to air pollution and liver cancer incidence in six European cohorts. International Journal of Cancer 149, 1887-1897.
Soleimani, F., Malek-Hosseini, A. 2021. Investigating pollutants affecting Tehran's air pollution and control strategies according to AQI quality index. New Attitudes in Human Geography (Human Geography) 10, 73-55.
Tiotiu, A. I., Novakova, P., Nedeva, D., Chong-Neto, H. J., Novakova, S., Steiropoulos, P., & Kowal, K., 2020. Impact of air pollution on asthma outcomes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, 6212.
Tsai, S. C.-S., Hsu, Y.-C., Lai, J.-N., Chou, R.-H., Fan, H.-C., Lin, F. C.-F., Zhang, R., Lin, C.-L., Chang, K.-H., 2021. Long-term exposure to air pollution and the risk of developing sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Journal of Translational Medicine 19, 1-7.
USEPA, I. Reference Concentration for Chronic Inhalation Exposure (RfC), in: IRIS Summary, Integrated Risk Information System, 2007.  
Wu, Y., Li, G., Yang, Y., An, T., 2019. Pollution evaluation and health risk assessment of airborne toxic metals in both indoors and outdoors of the Pearl River Delta, China. Environmental Research 179, 108793.
Yunesian, M., Rostami, R., Zarei, A., Fazlzadeh, M., & Janjani, H., 2019. Exposure to high levels of PM2. 5 and PM10 in the metropolis of Tehran and the associated health risks during 2016–2017. Microchemical Journal 150, 104174.
Zhang, L., Ou, C., Magana-Arachchi, D., Vithanage, M., Vanka, K. S., Palanisami, T., Masakorala, K., Wijesekara, H., Yan, Y., & Bolan, N., 2021. Indoor particulate matter in urban households: Sources, pathways, characteristics, health effects, and exposure mitigation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, 11055.
Zoz, F., Iaconelli, C., Lang, E., Iddir, H., Guyot, S., Grandvalet, C., Gervais, P., Beney, L., 2016. Control of relative air humidity as a potential means to improve hygiene on surfaces: a preliminary approach with Listeria monocytogenes. PLoS One 11, e0148418.