Journal of Natural Environment

Journal of Natural Environment

Application of Vetiver system for treatment and improvement of unconventional water quality

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors
Amir reza Keshtkar 1
Mohammad Reza Ahmadi 2
Hadi Atashi 3
Hossein Hamidifar 4
Seyed Mahdi Razavi 5
Hamir Reza Naseri 1
Ahmad Yazdanpanah 6
Nasrin Moazemi
1 Assistant Professor, Desert Region Management Dept., International Desert Research Center (IDRC), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 Water and Environment Dept., Institute of Iron and Steel, Golgohar Mining and Industerial Co., Sirjan, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
4 Assistant Professor, Water Engineering Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, University of Fasa, Fasa, Iran
5 Senior Expert, Natural Resources Dept., Sabkha Co., Arak, Iran
6 Kerman Research Station, International Desert Research Center (IDRC), University of Tehran, Tehran
10.22059/jne.2015.56935
Abstract
The aims of this study were to evaluate the treatment efficiency and effectiveness of Vetiveria zizaniodesof two samples of unconventional water of Golgohar Mining and Industrial Company. The experimental samples were included mine wastewater and saline ground water. This research was conducted in a greenhouse at Central Water Research Laboratory of University of Tehran. This experiment was designed as Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) including two salinity levels with three replications during four weeks. Results showed that treatment efficiencies of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Electrical Conductivity (EC) were equal 31.5 and 28.3 percentages for mine wastewater and 33 and 28 percentage for ground water on fourth week respectively. Also results indicated that among Cations and Anions, SO4 and K parameters have shown highest and lowest rates at the end of fourth week respectively. It concluded vetiver treatment system include valuable potential for unconventional water treatment.
Keywords
Unconventional water treatment؛ Vetivergrass؛ Randomised Complete Block Design
Iron mine
  1. Anon, 1997. A consideration and preliminary test of using vetiver for water eutrophication control in Taihu Lake in China. In: Proceedingof theInternational Vetiver Workshop, Fuzhou, China.
  2. Asadi, M., 2009. Study of possibility of industrial manufacture wastewater treatment using plants. In: Proceeding of the First National Conference on Oil, Gaz and Petrochemical, Orumieh, Iran.
  3. Awuah, E., Oppong-Peprah, M., Lubberding, H.J., Gijzen, H.J., 2004. Comparative performance studies of water let tuce, duckweed and algal-based stabilization ponds using low-strength sewage. J.Toxicology and Environmental Health-Part A. 67, 1727-1739.
  4. Borghaei, S.M., Nourbakhsh, S.M.R., 2003. Study of industrial wastewater treatment of Isfahan refinery using wetland method. Environmental Technology and Sciences 15, 15-24.
  5. Calderon, I.M., 2010. Green movement against green water. Honors Thesis, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Landscape Architecture of Cornell University, USA.
  6. Carlin, G.D., Truong, P., Cook, F.J., Thomas, E., Mischke, L., Mischke K., 2003. Vetiver Grass Hedges for Control of Runoff and Drain Stabilisation. Pimpama Queensland, CSIRO Land and Water, Brisbane.
  7. Cull, R.H., Hunter, H., Hunter, M., Truong, P., 2000. Application of vetiver grass technology in off-site pollution control, (II) Tolerance of vetiver grass towards high levels of herbicides underwetland conditions. In: Proceedingof the 2nd International Vetiver Conference, Thailand.
  8. Dar, S.H., Kumawat, D.M., Singh, N., Wani, K.A., 2011.Sewage treatment potential of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Research Journalof Environmental Science 5(4), 377-385.
  9. Dhote, S., Dixit, S., 2007.Water quality improvement through macrophytes: A case study. Asian JournalExperimental Science 21(2), 427-430.
  10. Dipu, S., Kumar, A.A., Thanga, V.S.G., 2011.Phytoremediation of dairy effluent by constructed wetland technology. Environmentalist 31, 263-278.
  11. Dulton, P.A., Smith, R.J., Truong, P.N.V., 1996. Vetiver grass hedges for erosion control on cropped flood plain: Hedge hydraulics. Agricultural Water Management 31, 91-104.
  12. Ebrahim, A., Ali, M., Gautham, Jawahar, N., Hariram, S., 2011. A preliminary attempt to reduce total dissolved solids in ground water using different plant parts. International. Journal of Pharm and Bio Science 2(2), 414-422.
  13. Fonkou, T., Agendia, P., Kengne, I., Akoa, A., Nya, J., 2002. Potentials of water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) in domestic sewage treatment with macrophytic lagoon systems in Cameroon. In: Proceeding of International Symposium onEnvironmental Pollution Control and WasteManagement, Tunis, 709-714.
  14. Girija, N., Pillai, S.S., Koshy, M., 2011.Potential of vetiver for phytoremediation ofwaste in retting area. The Ecoscan 1, 267-273.
  15. Gupta, P., Roy, S., Mahindrakar, A.B., 2012. Treatment of Water Using Water Hyacinth, Water Lettuce and Vetiver Grass - A Review. Resources and Environment 2(5), 202-215.
  16. Jamuna, S., Noorjahan, C.M., 2009. Treatment of sewage waste water using water hyacinth - Eichhorniasp and its reuse for fish culture. Toxicology International16(2), 103-106.
  17. Jayashree, S., Rathinamala, J., Lakshmanaperumalsamy, P., 2011. Determination of heavy metal removal efficiency of Chrysopogon zizanioides (vetiver) using textile wastewater contaminated soil. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 4(5), 543-551.
  18. Jing, S.R., Lin, Y.F., Wang, T.W., Lee, D.Y., 2002. Microcosm wet lands for wastewater treatment with different hydraulic loading rates and macrophytes. Journal of EnvironmentalQuality 31, 690-696.
  19. Kamal, M., Ghaly, A.E., Mahmoud, N., Cote, R., 2004. Phytoaccumulation of heavy metals by aquatic plants. Environment International 29, 1029-1039.
  20. Keshtkar, A.R., 2013. Evaluation of Vetivergrass effectiveness as a biologic method in unconventional water treatment. International Desert Research Center (IDRC), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Final Report. 117 p.
  21. Kirkpatrick, A.D., 2005. Assessing constructed wetlands for beneficial use of saline-sodic water. MS thesis, LandResources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman.
  22. Lakshmana, P.P., Jayashree, S., Rathinamala, J., 2008.Application of vetiver for water and soil restoration. Available Online: http://www.vetiver.org/TVN/India 1st workshop proceeding//Chapter2-3 pdf.
  23. Le, V., Truong, P., 2003. Vetiver System for erosion control on severe acid sulfate soil in Southern Vietnam. Proc. Third International Vetiver Conference, Guangzhou, China.
  24. Lissy, A.M.P.N., Madhu, B.D.G., 2010.Removal of heavy metals from waste water using water hyacinth. In: Proceedingof the International Conference on Advances in Civil Engineering, 42-47.
  25. Lu, Q., 2009.Evaluation of aquatic plants forphytoremediation of eutrophic storm waters. Ph.D thesis.University of Florida, Florida.
  26. Lu, Q., He, Z.L., Graetz, D.A., Stoffella, P.J., Yan g, X., 2010. Phytoremediation to remove nutrients and improve eutrophic stormwaters using water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.). Environmental Science and Pollution Research 17, 84-96.
  27. Maffei, M., 2002. Vetiveria: The genus Vetiveria., CRC Press, Boca Raton.
  28. Mahmood, Q., Zheng, P., Islam, E., Hayat, Y., Hassan, M.J., Jilani, G., Jin, R.C., 2005.Lab scale studies on water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes marts solms) for biotreatment of textile wastewater. Caspian Journal. Environmental Science 3(2), 83-88.
  29. Mashauri, D.A., Mulungu, D.M.M., Abdulhussein, B.S., 2000. Constructed wet land at the university of Dares salaam. Water Research 34(4), 1135-1144.
  30. Mkandawire, M., Dudel, E.G., 2007.Arelemna spp. effective phytoremediation agents.Bioremediation, Biodiversity Bioavailability 1(1), 56-71.
  31. Muramoto, S. and Oki, Y., 1983, Removal of some heavy metals from polluted water by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)., Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 30, 170-177.
  32. Roongtanakiat, N., Nirunrach, T., Chanyotha, S. Hengchavanich, D., 2003. Uptake of heavy metals in landfill leachate by vetiver grass. Kasetsart Journal (Natural Science) 37, 168-175.
  33. Roongtanakiat, N., Chairoj, P., 2001b. Vetiver grass for the remediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals. Kasetsart Journal (Natural Science) 35, 433-440.
  34. Roongtanakiat, N., Chairoj, P., 2001a. Uptake potential of some heavy metals by vetiver grass. Kasetsart Journal (Natural Science) 35, 46-50.
  35. Roongtanakiat, N., Tangruangkiat, S.,Meesat, R., 2007. Utilization of vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) for removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewaters. Science Asia 33, 397-403.
  36. Skinner, K., Wright, N., Porter-Goff, E., 2007. Mercury uptake and accumulation by four species of aquatic plants. Environmental Pollution 145, 234-237.
  37. Stefanie, W., Paul, T., Alison, V., Cameron, S., 2003. Response of vetiver grass to extreme nitrogen and phosphorus supply. Available Online: http://www.vetiver.com/ICV3-Proceedings/AUS_Extreme%20N%26P.pdf
  38. Trivedy, R.K., Pattanshetty, S.M., 2002. Treatment of dairy waste by using water hyacinth. Water Science and. Technology 45(12), 329-334.
  39. Truong, P., Stone, R., 1996.Vetiver grass for landfill rehabilitation: Erosion and leachate control. Report to DNR and Redland Shire Council, Queensland, Australia.
  40. Truong,P., 1999. Vetiver grass technology for land stabilisation, erosion and sediment control in the Asia Pacific region. In: Proceeding of the 1st Asia Pacific Conference on Ground and Water Bioengineering for Erosion Control and Slope Stabilisation, Manila, Philippines.
  41. Truong, P., Carlin, G., Cook, F., Thomas, E., 2003.Vetiver grass hedges for water quality improvement inacid sulfate soils, Queensland, Australia. In: Proceeding of the 3rd International Conference on Vetiver and Exhibition, Guangzhou, China.
  42. Truong, P.N., 2000, The global impact of vetiver grass technology on the environment. In: Proceedingof the 2nd International Conference on Vetiver, Office of the Royal Development Projects Board, Bangkok, Thailand, 48-61.
  43. Truong, P., Baker, D., 1998.Vetiver grass system for environmental protection. Technical Bulletin no. 1998/1, Pacific Rim Vetiver Network, Office of the Royal Development Projects Board, Bangkok, Thailand.
  44. Truong, P., Hart, B., 2001. Vetiver grass for wastewater treatment. Pacific Rim Vetiver Network Technical Bulletin No. 2001/2, Available Online: http://www.vetiver.org/PRVN _wastewater_bul.pdf
  45. Truong,P.N.V., 2004. Vetiver Grass Technology for mine tailings rehabilitation. Ground and Water Bioengineering for Erosion Control and Slope Stabilisation. Editors: D. Barker, A. Watson, S. Sompatpanit, B. Northcut and A. Maglinao. Published by Science Publishers Inc. NH, USA. pp. 379-389.
  46. Valipour, A., Raman, V.K., Ghole, V.S., 2011.Phytoremediation of domesticwastewater using Eichhornia crassipes. Journal of. Environmental. Science and Engineering 53(2), 183-190.
  47. Valipour, A., Raman, V.K., Motallebi, P., 2010. Application of shallow pond system using water hyacinth for domestic wastewater treatment in the presence of high total dissolved solids (TDS) and heavy metal salts. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 9(6), 853-860.
  48. Vieritz, A., Truong, P., Gardner, T., Smeal, C., 2003.Modelling Monto Vetiver growth and nutrient uptake for effluent irrigation schemes. In: Proc. of the 3rd International Vetiver Conference, Guangzhou, China.
  49. Wagner, S., Truong, P., Vieritz, A., Smeal, C., 2003. Response of vetiver grass to extreme nitrogen and phosphorus supply. In: Proceeding of the 3rd International Conference on Vetiver and Exhibition, Guangzhou, China.
  50. Wei, S.H., Zhou, Q.X., 2004. Discussion on the basic principles and strengthening measures for phytoremediaton of soil contaminated with heavy metals. Chinese Journal Ecology 23, 65-72.
  51. Xia, H., Ma, X., 2006. Phytoremediation of ethion by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) from water. Bioresource Technology 97, 1050-1054.
  52. Xia, H., Liu, S., Ao, H., 2000. Study on purification and uptake of garbage leachate by vetiver grass. In: Proceeding of the 2nd International Conference on Vetiver, Thailand.
  53. Xia, H.P., Shu, W.S., 2001. Resistance to and uptake of heavy metals by Vetiveria zizanioides and Paspalum notatum from lead/zinc mine tailings. Acta Ecologica Sinica 21, 1121-1129.
  54. Zhang, X.B., 1992. Vetiver grass in P.R. China. Presented at the vetiver workshop. Vetiver Newsletter, 8, 8-10.
  55. Zheng, C.R., Tu, C., Chen, H.M., 1997. Preliminary study on purification of eutrophic water with vetiver. In: Proceeding of the International Vetiver Workshop, Fuzhou, China. 
Journal of Natural Environment
Volume 68, Issue 4 - Serial Number 4
Winter 2016
Pages 629-640