University of TehranJournal of Natural Environment2008-776464220110622Estimation of Preservation Value of Anzali International Wetland Based on Deontological PointviewEstimation of Preservation Value of Anzali International Wetland Based on Deontological Pointview8910029351FAHabibollahSalamiHamedRafieeJournal Article19700101Because of national and international importance of the Anzali international wetland, this study attempts to determine the preservation value and estimate willingness to pay (WTP) by Iranian Households for preserving this wetland, using contingent valuation method. A logit model was employed with maximum likelihood estimation procedure. Results showed, education level of householder, informative knowledge of households, importance of environment, gender, urbanization, number of visits and ethical attitudes are factors that affecting willingness to pay (WTP) for wetland preservation. Based on the estimated parameters, the monthly WTP of the deontologist and consequentialist households are estimated to be 18811.87 and 14219.06 Rials, respectively. In addition, results indicate that while the level of WTP increases, the difference between WTP of these two households groups also increase. Moreover, the annual preservation value per hectare of the wetland is estimated to be 17267.77 and 13051.95 Rials, for the two groups of Iranian households respectively.Because of national and international importance of the Anzali international wetland, this study attempts to determine the preservation value and estimate willingness to pay (WTP) by Iranian Households for preserving this wetland, using contingent valuation method. A logit model was employed with maximum likelihood estimation procedure. Results showed, education level of householder, informative knowledge of households, importance of environment, gender, urbanization, number of visits and ethical attitudes are factors that affecting willingness to pay (WTP) for wetland preservation. Based on the estimated parameters, the monthly WTP of the deontologist and consequentialist households are estimated to be 18811.87 and 14219.06 Rials, respectively. In addition, results indicate that while the level of WTP increases, the difference between WTP of these two households groups also increase. Moreover, the annual preservation value per hectare of the wetland is estimated to be 17267.77 and 13051.95 Rials, for the two groups of Iranian households respectively.https://jne.ut.ac.ir/article_29351_3201e3e279f17ee2149fc0fb8723cdd1.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Natural Environment2008-776464220110622Comparing efficiency of Fixed-radius point count, Variable-radius circular plot, Fixed-width transect and Variable -width transect methods to estimate richness and abundance for forest birdsComparing efficiency of Fixed-radius point count, Variable-radius circular plot, Fixed-width transect and Variable -width transect methods to estimate richness and abundance for forest birds10111129352FAMitraShariati NajafabadiMohammadKaboli0000-0002-9203-2346SahebehKarimiVahidKhodaeiSepidehShakeriSaeedMohammadiJournal Article19700101Hyrcanian forests in northern slope of Alborz support high bird richness and abundance same as central of Europe. In this study, efficiency of different methods including fixed-width transect, variable-width transect, fixed-radius point count and variable circular plot samplings were compared in order to present the most reliable methods for surveying and monitoring of diurnal forest birds in forested Alborz mountains. Three 1 km long transects and fifteen fixed and variable radius points which located 250m far from each other along the transects was performed. Each transect and point was visited 3 times during august 2008. One-way ANOVA was performed to analyze the data. The results revealed significant differences of bird richness and abundance between the points and transects sampling methods (F3,104=9.85, P=0.00 and F3,104=57.35, P=0.00 for bird richness and abundance respectively). In contrast, no significant differences in richness and abundance between variables and fixed transects as well as between fixed-radius point count and variable circular plot samplings were found. Overall our results suggest transect method yielded greater bird richness and abundance than point count method, therefor, they can be more useful for preparation birds listing in forest ecosystems, but this also depends on habitat characteristics.Hyrcanian forests in northern slope of Alborz support high bird richness and abundance same as central of Europe. In this study, efficiency of different methods including fixed-width transect, variable-width transect, fixed-radius point count and variable circular plot samplings were compared in order to present the most reliable methods for surveying and monitoring of diurnal forest birds in forested Alborz mountains. Three 1 km long transects and fifteen fixed and variable radius points which located 250m far from each other along the transects was performed. Each transect and point was visited 3 times during august 2008. One-way ANOVA was performed to analyze the data. The results revealed significant differences of bird richness and abundance between the points and transects sampling methods (F3,104=9.85, P=0.00 and F3,104=57.35, P=0.00 for bird richness and abundance respectively). In contrast, no significant differences in richness and abundance between variables and fixed transects as well as between fixed-radius point count and variable circular plot samplings were found. Overall our results suggest transect method yielded greater bird richness and abundance than point count method, therefor, they can be more useful for preparation birds listing in forest ecosystems, but this also depends on habitat characteristics.https://jne.ut.ac.ir/article_29352_05ceeb7b78837806149f09bf907d8bd5.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Natural Environment2008-776464220110622Rock oyster (Sacostrea cucullata) is able to absorb heavy metals? Case study: cadmium and copper absorption in forests MangroveRock oyster (Sacostrea cucullata) is able to absorb heavy metals? Case study: cadmium and copper absorption in forests Mangrove11312329353FAHamedAzarbadArashJavanshir KhoeiAlirezaMirvaghefiAfshinDanehkarJournal Article19700101Persian Gulf is known as one of the main areas of oil exploration and production, and in the meanwhile, this causes some problems for the contained water ecosystem by pollution. In this concern, one of the ways to face this problem is the use of oysters as biological treatment. Sacostrea cucullata is one of endemic oyster species to Persian Gulf that is known as one of the important filterers. The main goal of this study is to define the absorption amount of Cadmium (150 µg/l) and Copper (200 µg/l) by this species in complete natural conditions. A mesocosm system was designed for this purpose. The results showed that the refining rate is affected by the amount of Cadmium (from 1.69 ml/min.g AFDW to 0.04 ml/min.g AFDW) and Copper (from 2.16 ml/min.g AFDW to 0.42 ml/min.g AFDW) in an hour period in which it was still continuous. Despite the clearance rate was significantly reduced, however, live oysters reduced the amount of Cadmium and Copper from 150 and 200 µg/l to 118.68 and 133.30 µg/l respectively. It also has been depicted that the dead shells have a good ability to reduce the metal condensation. According to the results it can be concluded that Sacostrea cucullata can be used as biofilters with good clearance ability.Persian Gulf is known as one of the main areas of oil exploration and production, and in the meanwhile, this causes some problems for the contained water ecosystem by pollution. In this concern, one of the ways to face this problem is the use of oysters as biological treatment. Sacostrea cucullata is one of endemic oyster species to Persian Gulf that is known as one of the important filterers. The main goal of this study is to define the absorption amount of Cadmium (150 µg/l) and Copper (200 µg/l) by this species in complete natural conditions. A mesocosm system was designed for this purpose. The results showed that the refining rate is affected by the amount of Cadmium (from 1.69 ml/min.g AFDW to 0.04 ml/min.g AFDW) and Copper (from 2.16 ml/min.g AFDW to 0.42 ml/min.g AFDW) in an hour period in which it was still continuous. Despite the clearance rate was significantly reduced, however, live oysters reduced the amount of Cadmium and Copper from 150 and 200 µg/l to 118.68 and 133.30 µg/l respectively. It also has been depicted that the dead shells have a good ability to reduce the metal condensation. According to the results it can be concluded that Sacostrea cucullata can be used as biofilters with good clearance ability.https://jne.ut.ac.ir/article_29353_c8f46ac4e94ba08e679bcbadbb6218a6.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Natural Environment2008-776464220110622Economical Valuation of Karoon 3 Dam Lake Limits for Presentation Ecotourism Development Strategic Planning via A‘WOT MethodEconomical Valuation of Karoon 3 Dam Lake Limits for Presentation Ecotourism Development Strategic Planning via A‘WOT Method12513629354FASeyed AliJoziSaharRezayanMahdiIrankhahiJournal Article19700101A study with Travel Cost Method (TCM) was performed to evaluate ecotourism demand of lake belonging to Karoon 3 dam. For this purpose, 220 Clawson questionnaires at highest demand time (February to May 2008) were completed. Results of this investigation showed that forecasting outdoor recreational value of Karoon 3 dam limits is equal to 2,879,550,000 Rials at month, during study. In order to present ecotourism development quantitative strategic plan in Karoon 3 dam “A'WOT” combined strategic planning method was used. Summation of weighted scores calculated for internal factor evaluation matrix was equal to 2/54 and for external factor evaluation matrix was 2/27. Results of quantitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM) showed that, creation of the new job opportunities on the basis of natural potentials and rich culture of residents in order to support of handicrafts, preservation of cultural identification and the prevention of immigration (ST4) with 4/19 score are in the first position of priority, recommended for ecotourism development in this area.A study with Travel Cost Method (TCM) was performed to evaluate ecotourism demand of lake belonging to Karoon 3 dam. For this purpose, 220 Clawson questionnaires at highest demand time (February to May 2008) were completed. Results of this investigation showed that forecasting outdoor recreational value of Karoon 3 dam limits is equal to 2,879,550,000 Rials at month, during study. In order to present ecotourism development quantitative strategic plan in Karoon 3 dam “A'WOT” combined strategic planning method was used. Summation of weighted scores calculated for internal factor evaluation matrix was equal to 2/54 and for external factor evaluation matrix was 2/27. Results of quantitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM) showed that, creation of the new job opportunities on the basis of natural potentials and rich culture of residents in order to support of handicrafts, preservation of cultural identification and the prevention of immigration (ST4) with 4/19 score are in the first position of priority, recommended for ecotourism development in this area.https://jne.ut.ac.ir/article_29354_09b321cbed49da377f8fa31bc9baeb5f.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Natural Environment2008-776464220110622Intraspecies variations of tree root tensile strength as Eco-Engineering materials in local scale (Case study: Kheyrud Forest)Intraspecies variations of tree root tensile strength as Eco-Engineering materials in local scale (Case study: Kheyrud Forest)13714429355FAEhsanAbdiBarisMajnounianHasanRahimiMahmoudZobeiriGhasemHabibi BibalaniJournal Article19700101Effects of plant roots on increasing soil shear strength depend on root tensile strength. Thus, determination of root tensile strength can provide the necessary data for analyzing root-soil relations. Tensile strength of plant roots varied in a wide range and have been reported from thousands to millions of MPa. The main objective of this study was to assess inter-species variations of root tensile strength for three important species of Hyrcanian forests in a local scale. For this purpose, root samples of beech, hornbeam and Persian ironwood were collected from up and down slopes and tensile strength tests were carried out using a standard Instron apparatus. To evaluate the effects of tree species, diameter of roots, and root location on the profiles on tensile strength of the roots, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was employed. In this analysis, 369 successful tensile tests were conducted on up and down slopes roots of three species. Root diameters were between 0.3 to 5 mm and measured tensile strengths were between 10.51 to 70.33 MPa. The results of ANCOVA revealed significant differences among measured tensile strengths due to covariate and also trees except for upslope samples of ironwood. Therefore, it was shown that the inter-species variations of tensile strength are statistically significant. This is a major issue, as the present lack of knowledge on the biotechnical behavior of root systems of common tree species has been a limiting factor in using soil bioengineering techniques in Iran. The result, presented in this study verifies the inter-species variations of root tensile strength in beech, hornbeam and ironwood.Effects of plant roots on increasing soil shear strength depend on root tensile strength. Thus, determination of root tensile strength can provide the necessary data for analyzing root-soil relations. Tensile strength of plant roots varied in a wide range and have been reported from thousands to millions of MPa. The main objective of this study was to assess inter-species variations of root tensile strength for three important species of Hyrcanian forests in a local scale. For this purpose, root samples of beech, hornbeam and Persian ironwood were collected from up and down slopes and tensile strength tests were carried out using a standard Instron apparatus. To evaluate the effects of tree species, diameter of roots, and root location on the profiles on tensile strength of the roots, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was employed. In this analysis, 369 successful tensile tests were conducted on up and down slopes roots of three species. Root diameters were between 0.3 to 5 mm and measured tensile strengths were between 10.51 to 70.33 MPa. The results of ANCOVA revealed significant differences among measured tensile strengths due to covariate and also trees except for upslope samples of ironwood. Therefore, it was shown that the inter-species variations of tensile strength are statistically significant. This is a major issue, as the present lack of knowledge on the biotechnical behavior of root systems of common tree species has been a limiting factor in using soil bioengineering techniques in Iran. The result, presented in this study verifies the inter-species variations of root tensile strength in beech, hornbeam and ironwood.https://jne.ut.ac.ir/article_29355_b6b95d6064eb5f53344167183a1f31b4.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Natural Environment2008-776464220110622Population and density estimate of Black Rat (Rattus rattus) in Mangrove Forests in Hara Biosphere Reserve - Hormozgan ProvincePopulation and density estimate of Black Rat (Rattus rattus) in Mangrove Forests in Hara Biosphere Reserve - Hormozgan Province14515329356FATaherGhadirianMahmoudKaramiAfshinDanehkarMahmoudrezaHemamiJournal Article19700101Population and density estimate of Black Rat in Mangrove forests was conducted by two independent procedures, including Seber-Jolly and Catch-Effort Methods. A selected trapping area with 15 hectares was studied. First, 60 cage traps for Seber-Jolly and then 80 cage traps for Catch-Effort method installed in the trapping area. We used color earrings and numerical rings for marking the captured individuals. Seber-Jolly method was performed in seven steps which population was estimated 68.5, 96.9, 105.8, 61.7 and 73.6 with densities of 4.1 to seven Rats/ha for steps two to six respectively. Catch-Effort method performed in six steps and population estimate was 89.3 with densities of 5.9 Rats/ha. For comparing the population estimates with the total population captured in the trapping area, the total number of rats was 96 with density of 6.4 Rats/ha. Considering the results, around 4-7 Black Rats survive in every single hectare of Mangrove forests of the study site, which states low differences between the results of Seber-Jolly, Catch-Effort and total count methods. All of these methods appear to be suitable for population-estimate in this habitat, but Catch-Effort method is the most recommended way to study Black Rats in Mangrove forests, due to lower standard error. Black Rat is an exotic and pest species in this habitat and excluding them for scientific reasons would not damage this ecosystem. The other advantages of the Catch-Effort method is its low-cost and efficiency, which could lead us to a total population estimate of the area.Population and density estimate of Black Rat in Mangrove forests was conducted by two independent procedures, including Seber-Jolly and Catch-Effort Methods. A selected trapping area with 15 hectares was studied. First, 60 cage traps for Seber-Jolly and then 80 cage traps for Catch-Effort method installed in the trapping area. We used color earrings and numerical rings for marking the captured individuals. Seber-Jolly method was performed in seven steps which population was estimated 68.5, 96.9, 105.8, 61.7 and 73.6 with densities of 4.1 to seven Rats/ha for steps two to six respectively. Catch-Effort method performed in six steps and population estimate was 89.3 with densities of 5.9 Rats/ha. For comparing the population estimates with the total population captured in the trapping area, the total number of rats was 96 with density of 6.4 Rats/ha. Considering the results, around 4-7 Black Rats survive in every single hectare of Mangrove forests of the study site, which states low differences between the results of Seber-Jolly, Catch-Effort and total count methods. All of these methods appear to be suitable for population-estimate in this habitat, but Catch-Effort method is the most recommended way to study Black Rats in Mangrove forests, due to lower standard error. Black Rat is an exotic and pest species in this habitat and excluding them for scientific reasons would not damage this ecosystem. The other advantages of the Catch-Effort method is its low-cost and efficiency, which could lead us to a total population estimate of the area.https://jne.ut.ac.ir/article_29356_240f216f1b9b6c18f024728523b64d5a.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Natural Environment2008-776464220110622Siting MSW Landfill using Hierarchical Fuzzy TOPSIS methodology (case study: karaj)Siting MSW Landfill using Hierarchical Fuzzy TOPSIS methodology (case study: karaj)15516729357FAMazaherMoeinaddini0000-0002-3931-5339NematollahKhorasaniAfshinDanehkarAliasgharDarvishsefatJournal Article19700101Site selection is an important and necessary issue for waste management in fast-growing regions. Because of the complexity of waste management systems, the selection of the appropriate solid waste landfill site requires consideration of multiple alternative solutions and evaluation criteria. This paper addresses the sitting of a new landfill using a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and overlay analysis using a geographic information system (GIS). In this article, to obtain suitable sites for sitting MSW landfill, options were identified and presented for a 20-year period of MSW landfill, WLC (Weighted Linear Combination) and cluster analysis methods are used. Finally, to rank the suitable sites for landfill sitting, using the comprehensive hierarchical evaluation model with many main and sub-criteria is constructed and that is used. This approach is Hierarchical Fuzzy TOPSIS. The result showed that third option identified as the most preferred option for sitting MSW landfill. Subsequently, 1361 Sq. Km., i.e., 6 percent of the total area of study area, is suitable for landfill site. Using HFTOPSIS showed easy to use, time saving and performance than other methods as AHP. We suggest the employed procedure for other similar regions.Site selection is an important and necessary issue for waste management in fast-growing regions. Because of the complexity of waste management systems, the selection of the appropriate solid waste landfill site requires consideration of multiple alternative solutions and evaluation criteria. This paper addresses the sitting of a new landfill using a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and overlay analysis using a geographic information system (GIS). In this article, to obtain suitable sites for sitting MSW landfill, options were identified and presented for a 20-year period of MSW landfill, WLC (Weighted Linear Combination) and cluster analysis methods are used. Finally, to rank the suitable sites for landfill sitting, using the comprehensive hierarchical evaluation model with many main and sub-criteria is constructed and that is used. This approach is Hierarchical Fuzzy TOPSIS. The result showed that third option identified as the most preferred option for sitting MSW landfill. Subsequently, 1361 Sq. Km., i.e., 6 percent of the total area of study area, is suitable for landfill site. Using HFTOPSIS showed easy to use, time saving and performance than other methods as AHP. We suggest the employed procedure for other similar regions.https://jne.ut.ac.ir/article_29357_f82927eff67c2b12b3666f11f9b4894a.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Natural Environment2008-776464220110622Evaluation of Mercury Contamination in the Caspian Sea’s Sediment by GIS and GeostatisticEvaluation of Mercury Contamination in the Caspian Sea’s Sediment by GIS and Geostatistic16918329358FASeyed MahdiHosseiniNourollahMirghaffariNasrollahMahboubi SoufianiLoghmanKhodakaramiJournal Article19700101Heavy metals, in particular mercury, are important for the public health due to their toxicity and endurance in the environment. In the present study, the distribution of mercury was surveyed along the coast of the Caspian Sea (Mazandaran province). Twelve stations were selected and from each station 5 samples were randomly collected followed by chemical analyses. An inverse weight-distance method was used to interpolate the distribution of mercury. The correlation among physicochemical characteristics of sediments, organic matter, electrical conductivity, acidity, and the distribution of mercury was investigated using the distribution map of all these parameters. Overlaying the distribution maps of mercury concentration and the measured sediment parameters indicated that the mercury concentration was accordance with organic content and electrical conductivity. Generally, the total amount of mercury in the investigated stations was lower than the maximum levels recommended by NOAA. The findings of the present study provide useful information about distribution of heavy metals along the coast of the Caspian Sea that can help monitoring and assessment of sediments in the region.Heavy metals, in particular mercury, are important for the public health due to their toxicity and endurance in the environment. In the present study, the distribution of mercury was surveyed along the coast of the Caspian Sea (Mazandaran province). Twelve stations were selected and from each station 5 samples were randomly collected followed by chemical analyses. An inverse weight-distance method was used to interpolate the distribution of mercury. The correlation among physicochemical characteristics of sediments, organic matter, electrical conductivity, acidity, and the distribution of mercury was investigated using the distribution map of all these parameters. Overlaying the distribution maps of mercury concentration and the measured sediment parameters indicated that the mercury concentration was accordance with organic content and electrical conductivity. Generally, the total amount of mercury in the investigated stations was lower than the maximum levels recommended by NOAA. The findings of the present study provide useful information about distribution of heavy metals along the coast of the Caspian Sea that can help monitoring and assessment of sediments in the region.https://jne.ut.ac.ir/article_29358_16e59cb7901e569ee0aeab6eb9d87f0a.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Natural Environment2008-776464220110622The effect of afforestation in reduction oil pollution (heavy metals)The effect of afforestation in reduction oil pollution (heavy metals)18519729359FAHashemKeneshloAliEghtesadiJournal Article19700101In order to study the effect of afforestation in reduction oil pollution, one planted area in Dezful, affected by pollutions from Kuwaiti oil-wells burning was employed. Six species, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus microtheca, Dalbegia sissoo, Acacia salicina, Acacia stenophylla, Populus euphratica were selected. Growth parameters, leaf samples and soil samples from different depths (0-30, 30-60, 60-90cm) under related crown cover of each species were obtained. Results showed a strong relation of tree's characteristics to the ability of decreasing pollution. Native trees such as P. euphratica and D. sissoo are better to exotic species, because of their ability to uptake more soil’s material. Among exotic trees, A. stenophylla species are superior to others. These species have more rules in decreasing of pollution. Investigations on soil in different profiles showed that; E. camaldulensis and D. sissoo are better than others to uptake soil components like Cd. Thus for afforestation in polluted regions P. euphratica, D. sissoo and A. stenophylla are recommended.In order to study the effect of afforestation in reduction oil pollution, one planted area in Dezful, affected by pollutions from Kuwaiti oil-wells burning was employed. Six species, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus microtheca, Dalbegia sissoo, Acacia salicina, Acacia stenophylla, Populus euphratica were selected. Growth parameters, leaf samples and soil samples from different depths (0-30, 30-60, 60-90cm) under related crown cover of each species were obtained. Results showed a strong relation of tree's characteristics to the ability of decreasing pollution. Native trees such as P. euphratica and D. sissoo are better to exotic species, because of their ability to uptake more soil’s material. Among exotic trees, A. stenophylla species are superior to others. These species have more rules in decreasing of pollution. Investigations on soil in different profiles showed that; E. camaldulensis and D. sissoo are better than others to uptake soil components like Cd. Thus for afforestation in polluted regions P. euphratica, D. sissoo and A. stenophylla are recommended.https://jne.ut.ac.ir/article_29359_53470cf4326ca6d7cb49dbb49d909ffe.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Natural Environment2008-776464220110622Investigation of possibility of decreasing salinity in water of shrimp culture ponds using halophyte plants by hydroponic methode (Case study: Boushehr province)Investigation of possibility of decreasing salinity in water of shrimp culture ponds using halophyte plants by hydroponic methode (Case study: Boushehr province)19920729360FAAliAgharokhMansourehHasanzadehRasoulKhosraviJournal Article19700101Salinity is known as one of the most challenging problems in aquaculture and agriculture. This issue has posed more difficulties to the shoreline of the Persian Gulf. Halophyte plants with their high potentials of absorbing salinity from soil and water are able to enhance the biopurification process in the environment. Hydroponic is a biointegrated food production method which links recirculating aquaculture, plant and flower as well as herb production. In this study, the possibility of application of hydroponic in decreasing the high salinity of aquaculture industry in water of shrimp culture ponds was investigated. Three economic halophyte species, including Avicennia marina, Salicornia europaea and Suaeda martima were cultured, 66 individuals per species, under the salinities of 25, 35, 45, and 55 ppt under hydroponic conditions. Firstly, the average initial sizes of the aforementioned species under different salinities were measured. Secondly, the average of plants’ growth, their survival percentages and phenotype characteristics were investigated. The results suggested low effect of decreasing salinity under hydroponic conditions. However, Suaeda martima has the most potential effect on salinity compare to others.¬ Therefore, application of this species in waters with low levels of salinity is advisable.Salinity is known as one of the most challenging problems in aquaculture and agriculture. This issue has posed more difficulties to the shoreline of the Persian Gulf. Halophyte plants with their high potentials of absorbing salinity from soil and water are able to enhance the biopurification process in the environment. Hydroponic is a biointegrated food production method which links recirculating aquaculture, plant and flower as well as herb production. In this study, the possibility of application of hydroponic in decreasing the high salinity of aquaculture industry in water of shrimp culture ponds was investigated. Three economic halophyte species, including Avicennia marina, Salicornia europaea and Suaeda martima were cultured, 66 individuals per species, under the salinities of 25, 35, 45, and 55 ppt under hydroponic conditions. Firstly, the average initial sizes of the aforementioned species under different salinities were measured. Secondly, the average of plants’ growth, their survival percentages and phenotype characteristics were investigated. The results suggested low effect of decreasing salinity under hydroponic conditions. However, Suaeda martima has the most potential effect on salinity compare to others.¬ Therefore, application of this species in waters with low levels of salinity is advisable.https://jne.ut.ac.ir/article_29360_aaaeb1f2610544f396213e29d8189b2b.pdf