University of Tehran Journal of Natural Environment 2008-7764 75 Special Issue Coastal and Marine Environment 2023 02 20 Lifecycle assessment of gas, liquid, container, bulk, and tanker loading in petrochemical Port Lifecycle assessment of gas, liquid, container, bulk, and tanker loading in petrochemical Port 1 14 90333 10.22059/jne.2022.351298.2491 FA Samaneh Fayyaz Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Mazaher Moeinaddini Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran 0000-0002-3931-5339 Sharareh Pourebahim Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Ali Kazemi Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Arak University, Arak, Iran Benyamin Khoshnevisan Department of Life Cycle Engineering, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark Journal Article 2022 11 17 Ports are involved in transferring more than 80% of materials and goods. With life cycle assessment, all environmental impacts are assessed simultaneously and this method has not been implemented for non-container ports. The goal of the study is life cycle assessment of liquid, gas, container, bulk, and tanker loading in the port to define the most impactful sub-processes in the port operations. Life cycle assessment is done from the source of production to the port (scope 1) and from the gate of the port to loading to ships (scope 2). One MMt of loading material is considered as functional unit. The results of the study showed that the impacts of scope 1 are far lower than scope 2 and it is worth focusing on scope 2 for any environmental improvements. In the global warming impact, gas loading has the highest share of 35%, of which 50% is due to electricity, and 45% is due to flaring. Bulk loading with a share of 30% entirely due to electricity is the second. Liquid loading with a share of 20% has the third rank as a result of electricity by 95%. It can be seen that in all sub-processes, electricity has a major role in all impact categories. In port operation LCA, per each MMt of total loading, bulk, liquid, and gas loading have the highest share over 18 impact categories to different extents. It is suggested to develop improving scenarios focused on electricity consumption, considering renewable energy sources, and no flaring for the port. Ports are involved in transferring more than 80% of materials and goods. With life cycle assessment, all environmental impacts are assessed simultaneously and this method has not been implemented for non-container ports. The goal of the study is life cycle assessment of liquid, gas, container, bulk, and tanker loading in the port to define the most impactful sub-processes in the port operations. Life cycle assessment is done from the source of production to the port (scope 1) and from the gate of the port to loading to ships (scope 2). One MMt of loading material is considered as functional unit. The results of the study showed that the impacts of scope 1 are far lower than scope 2 and it is worth focusing on scope 2 for any environmental improvements. In the global warming impact, gas loading has the highest share of 35%, of which 50% is due to electricity, and 45% is due to flaring. Bulk loading with a share of 30% entirely due to electricity is the second. Liquid loading with a share of 20% has the third rank as a result of electricity by 95%. It can be seen that in all sub-processes, electricity has a major role in all impact categories. In port operation LCA, per each MMt of total loading, bulk, liquid, and gas loading have the highest share over 18 impact categories to different extents. It is suggested to develop improving scenarios focused on electricity consumption, considering renewable energy sources, and no flaring for the port.

https://jne.ut.ac.ir/article_90333_258a0833c718f5e64bd8809f1f3a15be.pdf

University of Tehran Journal of Natural Environment 2008-7764 75 Special Issue Coastal and Marine Environment 2023 02 20 Spatial modeling of biomass of mangroves in the Hara protected area Spatial modeling of biomass of mangroves in the Hara protected area 15 28 90335 10.22059/jne.2022.352079.2501 FA Davood Mafi-Gholami Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Erath Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran Abolfazl Jaafari Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran Maryam Yaghoubzadeh Department of Environmental Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Journal Article 2022 12 05 The estimation of mangrove carbon stocks is crucial for providing vital information for the development of climate change adaptation programs and blue carbon strategies in coastal ecosystems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate the carbon storage of mangroves in the Hara protected area of Hormozgan province. For this purpose, after field surveys and recording the diameter at the mangroves' collar, the above-ground and below-ground biomass was estimated using allometric equations. Then, a regression was fitted between the above-ground and below-ground biomass and the normalized vegetation index (NDVI) extracted from the satellite images to develop a map of the above-ground and below-ground biomass of mangroves in two coastal and island zones and tall and dwarf mangroves structures. The results showed that the average above-ground biomass in the coastal and island zones of the Hara protected area was 61.2 and 56.1 t/ha, respectively, and the average underground biomass was 15.6 and 12.5 t/ha, respectively. There was a significant difference between the values of these two biomasses in the two zones. The extent of tall mangroves in the coastal zone (59%) was greater than dwarf mangroves (41%), and in the island zone, the extent of tall mangroves (44%) was less than dwarf mangroves (56%). The amount of total biomass in tall mangroves in both zones was about 7.5 and 8 times greater than the value of this variable in dwarf mangroves, respectively. The results of this study can be used to prepare climate change adaptation plans for mangrove habitats. The estimation of mangrove carbon stocks is crucial for providing vital information for the development of climate change adaptation programs and blue carbon strategies in coastal ecosystems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate the carbon storage of mangroves in the Hara protected area of Hormozgan province. For this purpose, after field surveys and recording the diameter at the mangroves' collar, the above-ground and below-ground biomass was estimated using allometric equations. Then, a regression was fitted between the above-ground and below-ground biomass and the normalized vegetation index (NDVI) extracted from the satellite images to develop a map of the above-ground and below-ground biomass of mangroves in two coastal and island zones and tall and dwarf mangroves structures. The results showed that the average above-ground biomass in the coastal and island zones of the Hara protected area was 61.2 and 56.1 t/ha, respectively, and the average underground biomass was 15.6 and 12.5 t/ha, respectively. There was a significant difference between the values of these two biomasses in the two zones. The extent of tall mangroves in the coastal zone (59%) was greater than dwarf mangroves (41%), and in the island zone, the extent of tall mangroves (44%) was less than dwarf mangroves (56%). The amount of total biomass in tall mangroves in both zones was about 7.5 and 8 times greater than the value of this variable in dwarf mangroves, respectively. The results of this study can be used to prepare climate change adaptation plans for mangrove habitats.

https://jne.ut.ac.ir/article_90335_be2173303e7b2949c88884938267ed29.pdf

University of Tehran Journal of Natural Environment 2008-7764 75 Special Issue Coastal and Marine Environment 2023 02 20 Investigating tourism climate conditions in Iran's mangrove forests using Tourism Comfort Climate Index (TCI) and Holiday Climate Index (HCI) Investigating tourism climate conditions in Iran's mangrove forests using Tourism Comfort Climate Index (TCI) and Holiday Climate Index (HCI) 29 45 90365 10.22059/jne.2022.351668.2494 FA Parvaneh Sobhani Postdoctoral student, Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources , University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Afshin Danehkar Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Journal Article 2022 11 26 Understanding the climatic conditions in a tourist destination is one of the most important information needed by nature-oriented tourists. The present study aimed to investigate the TCI and HCI index to determine nature tourism in the Khamir-Qeshm mangrove forests from 1996 to 2021. The results of TCI revealed that the best tourism season is autumn late and winter in December, January, and February while the most unfavorable climatic conditions are June, July, August, September, and October. Based on the results of HCI, the most favorable tourism season is related to winter and especially March month, while the status of this index is acceptable from June to October. In general, the results of TCI and HCI indicate that autumn to the end of winter is the best time in terms of tourism climate, and spring to summer late, has the most unfavorable conditions for visitor's presence due to the extreme heat, high humidity, and sultry climate of the area. The statistical analysis of TCI and HCI also indicates that there is a significant and direct relationship between these two indicators with climatic variables and with the increase of the final coefficient, the climatic conditions of the area will be more favorable for tourists' presence. Considering the increasing tourism industry and nature tourism development in Khamir-Qeshm mangrove forests, proper planning in accordance with the favorable conditions of the tourism climate can protect this area, provide suitable infrastructure and facilities for tourists, and will also help create conditions to understand the comfortable feeling and tourist's satisfaction. Understanding the climatic conditions in a tourist destination is one of the most important information needed by nature-oriented tourists. The present study aimed to investigate the TCI and HCI index to determine nature tourism in the Khamir-Qeshm mangrove forests from 1996 to 2021. The results of TCI revealed that the best tourism season is autumn late and winter in December, January, and February while the most unfavorable climatic conditions are June, July, August, September, and October. Based on the results of HCI, the most favorable tourism season is related to winter and especially March month, while the status of this index is acceptable from June to October. In general, the results of TCI and HCI indicate that autumn to the end of winter is the best time in terms of tourism climate, and spring to summer late, has the most unfavorable conditions for visitor's presence due to the extreme heat, high humidity, and sultry climate of the area. The statistical analysis of TCI and HCI also indicates that there is a significant and direct relationship between these two indicators with climatic variables and with the increase of the final coefficient, the climatic conditions of the area will be more favorable for tourists' presence. Considering the increasing tourism industry and nature tourism development in Khamir-Qeshm mangrove forests, proper planning in accordance with the favorable conditions of the tourism climate can protect this area, provide suitable infrastructure and facilities for tourists, and will also help create conditions to understand the comfortable feeling and tourist's satisfaction.

https://jne.ut.ac.ir/article_90365_68e0c1d4d7681d37662e9ba5e24ea771.pdf

University of Tehran Journal of Natural Environment 2008-7764 75 Special Issue Coastal and Marine Environment 2023 02 20 Environmental hazard assessment of Gomishan International wetland using conceptual framework DPSIR and TOPSIS Environmental hazard assessment of Gomishan International wetland using conceptual framework DPSIR and TOPSIS 46 63 89995 10.22059/jne.2022.345893.2455 FA Soolmaz Dashti Department of Environment, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran Fatemeh Karimipoor Department of Environment, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran Journal Article 2022 07 17 Wetland have a great impact on the micro climate and maintain the hydrological and biological balance of each region. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the environmental hazards of the Gomishan wetland based on the TOPSIS multi-criteria decision making method. In this study, the focus is on the environmental conditions of Gomishan wetland and all the stressor and factors that cause their ecological balance of the wetland are or investigated. In the first stage, description, system analysis and identification of regional risks based on DPSTR method, in the second stage, selection of three indicators (service of affect, probability of occurrence and sensitivity of the accepting environment) and scoring of risks and in the last step is to rank these based on the TOPSIS method. Results of DPSIR method, 15 risk factors where identified for Gomishan wetland. The result of ranking the risks threatening international wetlands using TOPSIS method. Indicated that the transfer of agricultural effluent to Atrak and Gorgan rood rivers and the transfer, transfer of fish and shrimp ponds effluent, effluent of Gomishan treatment plant and surrounding village and occurrence of droughts according to the amount of Claire in the first to fourth priorities, respectively. Also, based on hazard leveling, in Gomishan wetland 20% of hazards are in the unbearable category 6.6% of his hazards are in the significant category 13.4% of the hazards are in the significant category, 40% of the hazards are in the tolerable category and 20% are hazards in the category were partially located. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that the managers of a single. Management in this wetland to meet the needs of local communities without the legal negative effect on physical, chemical and hydrological conditionals of the wetland in addition to meeting the water needs of the wetland. Wetland have a great impact on the micro climate and maintain the hydrological and biological balance of each region. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the environmental hazards of the Gomishan wetland based on the TOPSIS multi-criteria decision making method. In this study, the focus is on the environmental conditions of Gomishan wetland and all the stressor and factors that cause their ecological balance of the wetland are or investigated. In the first stage, description, system analysis and identification of regional risks based on DPSTR method, in the second stage, selection of three indicators (service of affect, probability of occurrence and sensitivity of the accepting environment) and scoring of risks and in the last step is to rank these based on the TOPSIS method. Results of DPSIR method, 15 risk factors where identified for Gomishan wetland. The result of ranking the risks threatening international wetlands using TOPSIS method. Indicated that the transfer of agricultural effluent to Atrak and Gorgan rood rivers and the transfer, transfer of fish and shrimp ponds effluent, effluent of Gomishan treatment plant and surrounding village and occurrence of droughts according to the amount of Claire in the first to fourth priorities, respectively. Also, based on hazard leveling, in Gomishan wetland 20% of hazards are in the unbearable category 6.6% of his hazards are in the significant category 13.4% of the hazards are in the significant category, 40% of the hazards are in the tolerable category and 20% are hazards in the category were partially located. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that the managers of a single. Management in this wetland to meet the needs of local communities without the legal negative effect on physical, chemical and hydrological conditionals of the wetland in addition to meeting the water needs of the wetland.

https://jne.ut.ac.ir/article_89995_d10252524bf74979107a4c2527ceb2e6.pdf

University of Tehran Journal of Natural Environment 2008-7764 75 Special Issue Coastal and Marine Environment 2023 02 20 Investigating the environmental risk of lead and cadmium heavy metals using the Ecofate model, case study: Shadgan wetland Investigating the environmental risk of lead and cadmium heavy metals using the Ecofate model, case study: Shadgan wetland 64 76 90552 10.22059/jne.2023.351975.2500 FA Seyed Ayad Mohammadi Department of Environment, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran Fatemeh Karimi Organi Department of Environment, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran Ahmad Savari Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine and Oceanic Sciences, University of Marine Sciences and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran Soolmaz Dashti Department of Environment, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran Azita Koushafar Department of Environment, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran Journal Article 2022 12 03 Due to human activities, Shadgan wetland is always exposed to heavy metal pollution. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the environmental risk of Shadgan wetland caused by the entry of heavy metals lead and cadmium into the wetland. For this purpose, the water and sediment of the wetland were sampled and the concentration of metals in the water and sediment was measured by atomic absorption method and graphic furnace system using a device (Perkin Elmer 4100). The results showed that the concentration of lead and cadmium in the water was higher than the standards of the World Health Organization and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The concentration of these two metals in the lagoon sediment was lower than the standards. Using the outputs of the Ecofate model, risk assessment was done with the risk reduction (RQ) method. Based on the results, moderate risk was estimated for lead in water and in sediment, minimum risk for cadmium in water, and maximum risk for cadmium in sediments. Pearson's correlation coefficient showed a strong and significant relationship between cadmium in water and cadmium in sediment (P>0.05), so the ecological risk of the wetland caused by the accumulation of this metal in the sediments of the wetland has been brought about, so the correct environmental considerations in Shadgan wetland should always be taken into consideration. Due to human activities, Shadgan wetland is always exposed to heavy metal pollution. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the environmental risk of Shadgan wetland caused by the entry of heavy metals lead and cadmium into the wetland. For this purpose, the water and sediment of the wetland were sampled and the concentration of metals in the water and sediment was measured by atomic absorption method and graphic furnace system using a device (Perkin Elmer 4100). The results showed that the concentration of lead and cadmium in the water was higher than the standards of the World Health Organization and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The concentration of these two metals in the lagoon sediment was lower than the standards. Using the outputs of the Ecofate model, risk assessment was done with the risk reduction (RQ) method. Based on the results, moderate risk was estimated for lead in water and in sediment, minimum risk for cadmium in water, and maximum risk for cadmium in sediments. Pearson's correlation coefficient showed a strong and significant relationship between cadmium in water and cadmium in sediment (P>0.05), so the ecological risk of the wetland caused by the accumulation of this metal in the sediments of the wetland has been brought about, so the correct environmental considerations in Shadgan wetland should always be taken into consideration.

https://jne.ut.ac.ir/article_90552_3041e1f759487ddf91911ed2d79c6eb9.pdf

University of Tehran Journal of Natural Environment 2008-7764 75 Special Issue Coastal and Marine Environment 2023 02 20 Valuation of the services and damages caused by overfishing of shrimp to optimize it in Hormozgan province Valuation of the services and damages caused by overfishing of shrimp to optimize it in Hormozgan province 77 89 88386 10.22059/jne.2022.329270.2281 FA Mohammad Javad Soltani Ghaleh Department of Natural Resource and Environment, science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Yaghoub Zaraat Kish Department of Agricultural Economics and Food Industry, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food Industries, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University Tehran, Iran Zahra Abedi Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2021 08 22 The diverse ecosystem of the Sea has brought about the formation and continuous flow of products and services for people beings and its effects on the economic life of countries have valuable roles. To evaluate these services, it is necessary to identify the benefits and select the appropriate product. Valuation of shrimp ecosystem services was done by evaluation methods. Samples (70-person from stockholders) are select in two groups of Eco-Friendly and fishers and their opinions on shrimp’s value were collected using a questionnaire. Contingent valuation and Benefit Transfer Method were calculated in 1400. The results showed the existence value of banana’s shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis) was obtained as 9.38% of its market price (one million Rials).The bequest value of this benthic species was estimated to be at least 2.5 million Rials per person and the value of other species associated with fishing was estimated to be about 1.3 million Rials. Damage to marine resources was estimated at more than $ 140 million by overfishing and other non-target species (by-catch). Assessing the total value of ecosystem services and shrimp productions in 1400, more than $ 53 million was obtained and the damages of this economic activity are estimated to be more than 2.3 times the calculated values. Therefore, changing harvest and trawl methods are applied suggestions. The diverse ecosystem of the Sea has brought about the formation and continuous flow of products and services for people beings and its effects on the economic life of countries have valuable roles. To evaluate these services, it is necessary to identify the benefits and select the appropriate product. Valuation of shrimp ecosystem services was done by evaluation methods. Samples (70-person from stockholders) are select in two groups of Eco-Friendly and fishers and their opinions on shrimp’s value were collected using a questionnaire. Contingent valuation and Benefit Transfer Method were calculated in 1400. The results showed the existence value of banana’s shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis) was obtained as 9.38% of its market price (one million Rials).The bequest value of this benthic species was estimated to be at least 2.5 million Rials per person and the value of other species associated with fishing was estimated to be about 1.3 million Rials. Damage to marine resources was estimated at more than $ 140 million by overfishing and other non-target species (by-catch). Assessing the total value of ecosystem services and shrimp productions in 1400, more than $ 53 million was obtained and the damages of this economic activity are estimated to be more than 2.3 times the calculated values. Therefore, changing harvest and trawl methods are applied suggestions.

https://jne.ut.ac.ir/article_88386_3c26e4f1f2e3a6bd5321cdc0a180ff07.pdf

University of Tehran Journal of Natural Environment 2008-7764 75 Special Issue Coastal and Marine Environment 2023 02 20 Assessment of ecological risk of heavy metals in sediment and different tissues of Avicennia marina in the coasts of the Persian Gulf Assessment of ecological risk of heavy metals in sediment and different tissues of Avicennia marina in the coasts of the Persian Gulf 90 106 89879 10.22059/jne.2022.344674.2446 FA Sanaz Khammar Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran Sayed Mehdi Hosseini Faculty of Medicinal Plants, University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran Journal Article 2022 06 19 The present study was conducted to measure the heavy metals of Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in sediments, roots, stems and leaves of mangrove tree (Avicennia marina) from five stations in Khamir port located in the southwest of Bandar Abbas with three replications in summer 2020. In addition, some geochemical parameters of the sediments of the bed of these mangroves such as Muller index, contamination factor and ecological risk index have been evaluated. The accumulation pattern of heavy metals in the sediment was obtained as Ni> Pb>Zn>Cu. This pattern for root, stem and leaf tissues were determined as Ni>Cu>Zn>Pb, Cu>Zn>Ni>Pb and Cu>Zn>Ni>Pb, respectively. According to the bio concentration factor, plant tissues can be a suitable bio-indicator for Cu in the region. Root can also be considered a good bio indicator for Pb and Ni metals. For Zn metal, leaf and stem tissues were also identified as suitable indicators in the region.Transfer factor was significant only for Cu and Zn metals in stem and leaf tissues, which showed a direct relationship between cu and Zn concentrations in roots and then in leaves and stems. Also, examination of metal concentrations in sediments in all stations showed that only nickel metal concentration was critical. Also, the findings of the study of environmental assessment index of heavy metals showed that the sediments of Khamir port are in the category of low ecological risk (RI<150) in terms of ecological pollution index. In general, the process of accumulation of metals in sediments and mangroves tissues showed that increasing the concentration of elements in sediments, the amount of these elements in plant tissues can also increases, so, A. marina can be a bioindicator for heavy metals in the studied ecosystem. In addition, this plant reduces the mobility and bioavailability of the studied metals in the sediments of this ecosystem. The present study was conducted to measure the heavy metals of Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in sediments, roots, stems and leaves of mangrove tree (Avicennia marina) from five stations in Khamir port located in the southwest of Bandar Abbas with three replications in summer 2020. In addition, some geochemical parameters of the sediments of the bed of these mangroves such as Muller index, contamination factor and ecological risk index have been evaluated. The accumulation pattern of heavy metals in the sediment was obtained as Ni> Pb>Zn>Cu. This pattern for root, stem and leaf tissues were determined as Ni>Cu>Zn>Pb, Cu>Zn>Ni>Pb and Cu>Zn>Ni>Pb, respectively. According to the bio concentration factor, plant tissues can be a suitable bio-indicator for Cu in the region. Root can also be considered a good bio indicator for Pb and Ni metals. For Zn metal, leaf and stem tissues were also identified as suitable indicators in the region.Transfer factor was significant only for Cu and Zn metals in stem and leaf tissues, which showed a direct relationship between cu and Zn concentrations in roots and then in leaves and stems. Also, examination of metal concentrations in sediments in all stations showed that only nickel metal concentration was critical. Also, the findings of the study of environmental assessment index of heavy metals showed that the sediments of Khamir port are in the category of low ecological risk (RI<150) in terms of ecological pollution index. In general, the process of accumulation of metals in sediments and mangroves tissues showed that increasing the concentration of elements in sediments, the amount of these elements in plant tissues can also increases, so, A. marina can be a bioindicator for heavy metals in the studied ecosystem. In addition, this plant reduces the mobility and bioavailability of the studied metals in the sediments of this ecosystem.

https://jne.ut.ac.ir/article_89879_73bf4945ff98acb832f0294ada21f6f2.pdf

University of Tehran Journal of Natural Environment 2008-7764 75 Special Issue Coastal and Marine Environment 2023 02 20 Evaluation of the shadow price of methane emissions in alternative methods of rice cultivation Evaluation of the shadow price of methane emissions in alternative methods of rice cultivation 107 120 90109 10.22059/jne.2022.345805.2453 FA Nezam Zakariyaei Department of Agricultural Economic, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Hamed Najafi Alamdarlo Department of Agricultural Economic, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Seyed Habibollah Mosavi Department of Agricultural Economic, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2022 07 16 Global warming and climate changes have reached a warning level due to greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. One of the most effective gases in global warming is methane and rice paddy fields is one of the most important sources of CH4 emission. In addition, rice paddies release 22% of total methane in agriculture sector. Techniques for cultivation and management water, can help reduce the emission of this greenhouse gas. In this study, using the data of 2016, the environmental costs of greenhouse gas emissions of rice yield in three scenarios (traditional cultivation or flood irrigation, periodic irrigation and dry direct-seeded) has been estimated by using stochastic frontier of output-distance. Based on the results, the environmental costs of the annual greenhouse gas emissions of the country's rice fields in the traditional, periodic irrigation and dry direct-seeded methods are equal to 633, 356 and 352 billion Rials, respectively. Also, the shadow price of methane per kg in these scenarios was calculated to be 5056, 5808, and 5737 rials, respectively. The findings of this study showed that periodic irrigation and dry direct-seeded methods could be an alternative to traditional methods to reduce pollutants and environmental costs. On the other hand, policies must be taken to achieve sustainable development and environmental protection through the internalization of these costs. Global warming and climate changes have reached a warning level due to greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. One of the most effective gases in global warming is methane and rice paddy fields is one of the most important sources of CH4 emission. In addition, rice paddies release 22% of total methane in agriculture sector. Techniques for cultivation and management water, can help reduce the emission of this greenhouse gas. In this study, using the data of 2016, the environmental costs of greenhouse gas emissions of rice yield in three scenarios (traditional cultivation or flood irrigation, periodic irrigation and dry direct-seeded) has been estimated by using stochastic frontier of output-distance. Based on the results, the environmental costs of the annual greenhouse gas emissions of the country's rice fields in the traditional, periodic irrigation and dry direct-seeded methods are equal to 633, 356 and 352 billion Rials, respectively. Also, the shadow price of methane per kg in these scenarios was calculated to be 5056, 5808, and 5737 rials, respectively. The findings of this study showed that periodic irrigation and dry direct-seeded methods could be an alternative to traditional methods to reduce pollutants and environmental costs. On the other hand, policies must be taken to achieve sustainable development and environmental protection through the internalization of these costs.

https://jne.ut.ac.ir/article_90109_bbdd4a4f7b1089d3a077195aec4168df.pdf

University of Tehran Journal of Natural Environment 2008-7764 75 Special Issue Coastal and Marine Environment 2023 02 20 Investigating the exposure of mangrove forests of the southern coast of Iran to multiple hazards Investigating the exposure of mangrove forests of the southern coast of Iran to multiple hazards 121 137 90480 10.22059/jne.2023.352134.2502 FA Davood Mafi-Gholami Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Erath Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran Abolfazl Jaafari Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2022 12 06 Classifying the severity of multiple environmental hazards at the level of mangrove habitats is one of the main prerequisites for assessing vulnerability and developing and planning management strategies to minimize the harmful effects of environmental hazards on these habitats. The aim of this study was to map and classify the intensity of occurrence of three types of environmental hazards, including drought, high-speed wind and seaward edge retreat in Nayband, Tiab and Gwadar mangrove habitats along the coasts of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. To this end, using the long-term time series of monthly rainfall values, daily wind speed and Landsat satellite images, maps of the severity of occurrence of each of the environmental hazards were prepared in each habitat using the functions available in ArcGIS software. Finally, the standardized hazard maps were combined and a map of the intensity of exposure to multiple environmental hazards was prepared throughout the mangroves. The results showed that the amount of exposure index at the level of the habitats varied from 2 to 4.6 and increases from the coasts of the Persian Gulf to the coasts of the Gulf of Oman; So, Nayband habitat on the western coast of Persian Gulf (coasts of Bushehr province) and Gwadar habitat on the eastern coast of the Gulf of Oman (coasts of Sistan and Baluchistan province) were subjected to the lowest and highest severity of environmental hazards, respectively. The results of this study have provided crucial information for assessing the vulnerability and resiliency of the studied mangrove habitats. Classifying the severity of multiple environmental hazards at the level of mangrove habitats is one of the main prerequisites for assessing vulnerability and developing and planning management strategies to minimize the harmful effects of environmental hazards on these habitats. The aim of this study was to map and classify the intensity of occurrence of three types of environmental hazards, including drought, high-speed wind and seaward edge retreat in Nayband, Tiab and Gwadar mangrove habitats along the coasts of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. To this end, using the long-term time series of monthly rainfall values, daily wind speed and Landsat satellite images, maps of the severity of occurrence of each of the environmental hazards were prepared in each habitat using the functions available in ArcGIS software. Finally, the standardized hazard maps were combined and a map of the intensity of exposure to multiple environmental hazards was prepared throughout the mangroves. The results showed that the amount of exposure index at the level of the habitats varied from 2 to 4.6 and increases from the coasts of the Persian Gulf to the coasts of the Gulf of Oman; So, Nayband habitat on the western coast of Persian Gulf (coasts of Bushehr province) and Gwadar habitat on the eastern coast of the Gulf of Oman (coasts of Sistan and Baluchistan province) were subjected to the lowest and highest severity of environmental hazards, respectively. The results of this study have provided crucial information for assessing the vulnerability and resiliency of the studied mangrove habitats.

https://jne.ut.ac.ir/article_90480_ed2faec79f6233ed28101d02a7df1eb7.pdf

University of Tehran Journal of Natural Environment 2008-7764 75 Special Issue Coastal and Marine Environment 2023 02 20 Analysis and investigation of cooperation network of environment management to tourism development in Qeshm Island Analysis and investigation of cooperation network of environment management to tourism development in Qeshm Island 138 148 88608 10.22059/jne.2022.331456.2302 FA Ardeshir Shayesteh Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, Qeshm International Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qeshm, Iran Mohsen Dehghani Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, Bandar Abbas Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas, Iran Seyed Mehdi Jabbarzadeh Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, Qeshm International Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qeshm, Iran Hananeh Mohammadi Kangarani Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Fisheries, Gorgan University of Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Lobat Taghavi Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2021 09 28 Organizational cooperation is a concept that responds to the growing interdependence among individuals and organizations. This concept is regarded as a key factor in environment management and tourism development, which organizations, institutions and individuals create a structure by participating in a wide range of activities, and with the aim of maximizing co-creation value and achieving sustainable growth. The purpose of this research is investigation of cooperation network and determining the role and position of different individuals and organizations in environmental management and tourism development of Qeshm Island. To this end, the present study used network analysis, which is a new approach to solving multi-dimensional problems and management. Also, we analyzed Organizational interactions of individuals with using questionnaire tool and Ucinet and Netdraw software. The results showed that the most people connected with the organizations Qeshm free zone and Qeshm's Department of Environment, which have respectively 30 and 25 degree centrality and 582/897 and 566/541 betweenness centrality. Also, most people cooperate with the organizations Qeshm free zone and Qeshm's Department of Environment, which have respectively 35 and 34 degree centrality and 514/735 and 536/736 betweenness centrality. In other words, Qeshm Free Zone and Qeshm's Department of Environment are the only two organizations that people have most cooperative with them. Therefore, the cooperation network of individuals with other organizations related to environmental management and tourism needs attention and strengthening of cooperation. Organizational cooperation is a concept that responds to the growing interdependence among individuals and organizations. This concept is regarded as a key factor in environment management and tourism development, which organizations, institutions and individuals create a structure by participating in a wide range of activities, and with the aim of maximizing co-creation value and achieving sustainable growth. The purpose of this research is investigation of cooperation network and determining the role and position of different individuals and organizations in environmental management and tourism development of Qeshm Island. To this end, the present study used network analysis, which is a new approach to solving multi-dimensional problems and management. Also, we analyzed Organizational interactions of individuals with using questionnaire tool and Ucinet and Netdraw software. The results showed that the most people connected with the organizations Qeshm free zone and Qeshm's Department of Environment, which have respectively 30 and 25 degree centrality and 582/897 and 566/541 betweenness centrality. Also, most people cooperate with the organizations Qeshm free zone and Qeshm's Department of Environment, which have respectively 35 and 34 degree centrality and 514/735 and 536/736 betweenness centrality. In other words, Qeshm Free Zone and Qeshm's Department of Environment are the only two organizations that people have most cooperative with them. Therefore, the cooperation network of individuals with other organizations related to environmental management and tourism needs attention and strengthening of cooperation.

https://jne.ut.ac.ir/article_88608_3449647a99837c1c6426c6fc405ca378.pdf

University of Tehran Journal of Natural Environment 2008-7764 75 Special Issue Coastal and Marine Environment 2023 02 20 Climatic capacity evaluation of coastal area of Sistan and Baluchistan province for the development of wind farms Climatic capacity evaluation of coastal area of Sistan and Baluchistan province for the development of wind farms 149 166 90637 10.22059/jne.2023.352699.2509 FA Mohammad Borhani Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Afshin Danehkar Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Mazaher Moeinaddini Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran 0000-0002-3931-5339 Journal Article 2022 12 19 Fossil fuels, due to limited resources, causing pollution and global warming, have caused the use of renewable energy, especially wind energy, to be considered. For this reason, to determine the criteria for locating wind farms in the coastal area of Sistan and Baluchistan province, from reviewing the sources, studying the plans and research, standards, and reviewing documents from 30 internal sources 20-year ago and external sources was used. Due to a large number of criteria and indicators, summarization was done, they were divided into two ecological and human groups, which include 8 criteria, climate, land, uses and management areas, development infrastructure, capital resources, Itis management, health and consequence, the average wind speed and distance from the residence had the highest frequency of indicators in previous experiences. The Delphi method was used to screen the criteria and the opinions of 11 wind farm experts were used. The results of the content validity evaluation of the questionnaires showed that all the respondents chose the indicators of average wind speed, wind continuity, distance from landslide areas, distance from military operation areas, distance from the power grid, and development costs as the most important spatial indicators. Measuring the importance of the criteria based on the Delphi method is dependent on the calculation of two indicators, the percentage of importance and the degree of importance, which were used to calculate the final importance coefficient of the criteria through these two parameters. Based on Delphi calculations, the most essential site selection wind farm indicators were obtained, respectively, average wind speed, wind continuity, distance from the power grid, and wind power density. In order to evaluate the potential of wind energy for the development of wind farms in the coastal area, climate indicators, annual average wind speed, annual average wind power density, and annual average wind continuity percentage were used. Analysis of climatic criteria was done by using a geographic information system and kriging interpolation functions of mapping. Finally, the coastal area was divided into two zones, 91% suitable for wind power development and 9% unsuitable. Fossil fuels, due to limited resources, causing pollution and global warming, have caused the use of renewable energy, especially wind energy, to be considered. For this reason, to determine the criteria for locating wind farms in the coastal area of Sistan and Baluchistan province, from reviewing the sources, studying the plans and research, standards, and reviewing documents from 30 internal sources 20-year ago and external sources was used. Due to a large number of criteria and indicators, summarization was done, they were divided into two ecological and human groups, which include 8 criteria, climate, land, uses and management areas, development infrastructure, capital resources, Itis management, health and consequence, the average wind speed and distance from the residence had the highest frequency of indicators in previous experiences. The Delphi method was used to screen the criteria and the opinions of 11 wind farm experts were used. The results of the content validity evaluation of the questionnaires showed that all the respondents chose the indicators of average wind speed, wind continuity, distance from landslide areas, distance from military operation areas, distance from the power grid, and development costs as the most important spatial indicators. Measuring the importance of the criteria based on the Delphi method is dependent on the calculation of two indicators, the percentage of importance and the degree of importance, which were used to calculate the final importance coefficient of the criteria through these two parameters. Based on Delphi calculations, the most essential site selection wind farm indicators were obtained, respectively, average wind speed, wind continuity, distance from the power grid, and wind power density. In order to evaluate the potential of wind energy for the development of wind farms in the coastal area, climate indicators, annual average wind speed, annual average wind power density, and annual average wind continuity percentage were used. Analysis of climatic criteria was done by using a geographic information system and kriging interpolation functions of mapping. Finally, the coastal area was divided into two zones, 91% suitable for wind power development and 9% unsuitable.

https://jne.ut.ac.ir/article_90637_e5c7ad4201edab6519a031a7b219b88f.pdf

University of Tehran Journal of Natural Environment 2008-7764 75 Special Issue Coastal and Marine Environment 2023 02 20 Survey the concentration of some estrogenic contaminants in estuaries of Iranian coasts of the Caspian Sea using the cluster and principle component analysis Survey the concentration of some estrogenic contaminants in estuaries of Iranian coasts of the Caspian Sea using the cluster and principle component analysis 167 183 90463 10.22059/jne.2022.347542.2462 FA Sahel Pakzad Toochaei Department of Natural Ecosystems, Hamoun International Wetland Research Institute, Research Institute of Zabol, Zabol, Iran Ali Kazemi Department Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Arak University, Arak, Iran 0000-0003-0618-6435 Fatemeh Einollahipeer Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran Journal Article 2022 08 22 Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as Bisphenol A (BPA) and Nonylphenol (NP) can enter the Caspian Sea by rivers from a variety of sources and they potentially pose a health risk to humans and aquatic organisms. Moreover, knowledge of their concentration is limited in the Caspian estuaries. Therefore, the present study was conducted to assess the concentration of BPA, NP and the physicochemical factors of Iranian rivers of the Caspian Sea. Water samples were collected from 49 estuaries along the coasts of Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces in August and September 2015. Obtained results were compared among estuaries and assessed with principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) for clusters of NP and BPA concentration and physicochemical factors and rivers. The concentration of BPA and NP with the amount of 1.81 µg/l and 2.85 µg/l respectively was higher than standards and Talesh, Astara, Anzali, Azarood, Nashtarood, Talarood and Tajan have higher concentration of NP and BPA. The PCA revealed two components with eigenvalues >1, depicting 81.41% of the total variation of the data and also showed, EC, TDS, TSS, TS, phosphate and nitrate play important role in estuaries water quality in two major components. Outcome of CA classified similar estuaries and physicochemical parameters into 4 clusters. In conclusion, it was determined that pseudo estrogenic pollutant levels in water of the Iranian coasts of the Caspian sea have higher than those standard due to the effect of run-off from agricultural lands and industrial and municipal wastewater. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as Bisphenol A (BPA) and Nonylphenol (NP) can enter the Caspian Sea by rivers from a variety of sources and they potentially pose a health risk to humans and aquatic organisms. Moreover, knowledge of their concentration is limited in the Caspian estuaries. Therefore, the present study was conducted to assess the concentration of BPA, NP and the physicochemical factors of Iranian rivers of the Caspian Sea. Water samples were collected from 49 estuaries along the coasts of Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces in August and September 2015. Obtained results were compared among estuaries and assessed with principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) for clusters of NP and BPA concentration and physicochemical factors and rivers. The concentration of BPA and NP with the amount of 1.81 µg/l and 2.85 µg/l respectively was higher than standards and Talesh, Astara, Anzali, Azarood, Nashtarood, Talarood and Tajan have higher concentration of NP and BPA. The PCA revealed two components with eigenvalues >1, depicting 81.41% of the total variation of the data and also showed, EC, TDS, TSS, TS, phosphate and nitrate play important role in estuaries water quality in two major components. Outcome of CA classified similar estuaries and physicochemical parameters into 4 clusters. In conclusion, it was determined that pseudo estrogenic pollutant levels in water of the Iranian coasts of the Caspian sea have higher than those standard due to the effect of run-off from agricultural lands and industrial and municipal wastewater.

https://jne.ut.ac.ir/article_90463_b7917f12b05fa01f84a8a65b419cb1e7.pdf

University of Tehran Journal of Natural Environment 2008-7764 75 Special Issue Coastal and Marine Environment 2023 02 20 Assessing the blue carbon sequestration in the mangrove forests of Bushehr Province (Nayband and Melgonze) Assessing the blue carbon sequestration in the mangrove forests of Bushehr Province (Nayband and Melgonze) 184 197 91376 10.22059/jne.2023.351769.2495 FA Mohammad Ali Hamzeh Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science (INIOAS), Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-0868-3366 Journal Article 2022 11 30 Mangrove forests have an important role in carbon dioxide stabilization and modification of increasing greenhouse gases and the human effects of global warming. The main purpose of this study is to eliminate the information gap of carbon storage in the mangrove forests of Bushehr province. In this study, the total carbon storage and the top 1 m, and total soil depth of soil as well as the carbon stored in mangrove trees in the mangrove forest of Bushehr Province (Nayband and Melgonze) were evaluated. The amount of sediment carbon in sediment cores and the diameter of breast height and height of trees were measured in 12 stations in the area. Satellite imagery showed that the area of the Nayband and Melgonze mangrove forests is 141 and 14 ha, respectively, 73% of which is high-density forest. The results showed that the average carbon content of the top 1m of Nayband and Melgonze mangrove forests is 158 and 190 tons per hectare (t ha-1) respectively, which is within the range of the global average in arid mangroves. The amount of carbon in the top 1m of Bushehr mangrove soil was estimated at 25000 tons, 89% of which is sequestered in Nayband mangroves. Soil and mangrove trees in the area have sequestered 59500 tonnes of carbon (equivalent to 218 tonnes of CO2) 28500 tonnes of which is stored in soil and the rest (31000 tonnes) is sequestered by mangrove trees. Estimates show that if the mangrove forests of the area are completely deforested, more than 155000 tons of carbon dioxide will re-mineralize into the atmosphere. Evaluating the carbon content of the total soil depth enabled us to estimate the total carbon content of mangrove habitats in Bushehr province for the first time. Mangrove forests have an important role in carbon dioxide stabilization and modification of increasing greenhouse gases and the human effects of global warming. The main purpose of this study is to eliminate the information gap of carbon storage in the mangrove forests of Bushehr province. In this study, the total carbon storage and the top 1 m, and total soil depth of soil as well as the carbon stored in mangrove trees in the mangrove forest of Bushehr Province (Nayband and Melgonze) were evaluated. The amount of sediment carbon in sediment cores and the diameter of breast height and height of trees were measured in 12 stations in the area. Satellite imagery showed that the area of the Nayband and Melgonze mangrove forests is 141 and 14 ha, respectively, 73% of which is high-density forest. The results showed that the average carbon content of the top 1m of Nayband and Melgonze mangrove forests is 158 and 190 tons per hectare (t ha-1) respectively, which is within the range of the global average in arid mangroves. The amount of carbon in the top 1m of Bushehr mangrove soil was estimated at 25000 tons, 89% of which is sequestered in Nayband mangroves. Soil and mangrove trees in the area have sequestered 59500 tonnes of carbon (equivalent to 218 tonnes of CO2) 28500 tonnes of which is stored in soil and the rest (31000 tonnes) is sequestered by mangrove trees. Estimates show that if the mangrove forests of the area are completely deforested, more than 155000 tons of carbon dioxide will re-mineralize into the atmosphere. Evaluating the carbon content of the total soil depth enabled us to estimate the total carbon content of mangrove habitats in Bushehr province for the first time.

https://jne.ut.ac.ir/article_91376_427436aa2680b25f4c06a44fb31893ed.pdf

University of Tehran Journal of Natural Environment 2008-7764 75 Special Issue Coastal and Marine Environment 2023 02 20 Evaluating, mapping and quantifying the social value of ecosystem services, study of Qeshm Geopark Evaluating, mapping and quantifying the social value of ecosystem services, study of Qeshm Geopark 198 213 91419 10.22059/jne.2023.353857.2517 FA Elham Mahdloo Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources. University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Sharareh Pourebahim Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources. University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Journal Article 2023 01 14 Based on complexity in the socio-ecologic dynamic systems, and due to increasing human pressure on ecosystems, integrated approaches using social indicators of ecosystem services are valuable to evaluate ecosystem services. This issue becomes more important in Qeshm Island as one of the important tourist destinations of the country, the nominated Glopbal Geoparks by UNESCO and existing of some vulnerable natural ecosystems such as mangrove forest. In this study, using the social value of ecosystem services (SolVES) model, twelve social values of Qeshm Island were mapped. The use of questionnaire and participatory evaluation methods combined with mapping of ecosystem services led to the integrated approach based on social values assessment of ecosystem services. In this regard, objective and subjective indicators have been used quantitatively and qualitatively. The indicators of social value of ecosystem services were first evaluated qualitatively in the form of a questionnaire and then quantitatively in the form of zoning performed in SolVES software. The results showed that the integration of spatial and social ecosystem services data and zoning of different intensities of value based on people's understanding of the social values of Qeshm Geopark's ecosystem services can effectively improve the process of spatial planning. Combining social values of ecosystem services with territorial data can lead to the integration of public understanding of social values among different stakeholders. It can prioritize places with attractions and social values of ecosystem services. Based on complexity in the socio-ecologic dynamic systems, and due to increasing human pressure on ecosystems, integrated approaches using social indicators of ecosystem services are valuable to evaluate ecosystem services. This issue becomes more important in Qeshm Island as one of the important tourist destinations of the country, the nominated Glopbal Geoparks by UNESCO and existing of some vulnerable natural ecosystems such as mangrove forest. In this study, using the social value of ecosystem services (SolVES) model, twelve social values of Qeshm Island were mapped. The use of questionnaire and participatory evaluation methods combined with mapping of ecosystem services led to the integrated approach based on social values assessment of ecosystem services. In this regard, objective and subjective indicators have been used quantitatively and qualitatively. The indicators of social value of ecosystem services were first evaluated qualitatively in the form of a questionnaire and then quantitatively in the form of zoning performed in SolVES software. The results showed that the integration of spatial and social ecosystem services data and zoning of different intensities of value based on people's understanding of the social values of Qeshm Geopark's ecosystem services can effectively improve the process of spatial planning. Combining social values of ecosystem services with territorial data can lead to the integration of public understanding of social values among different stakeholders. It can prioritize places with attractions and social values of ecosystem services.

https://jne.ut.ac.ir/article_91419_4b7352083f829cd144efb60d0054b8f0.pdf

University of Tehran Journal of Natural Environment 2008-7764 75 Special Issue Coastal and Marine Environment 2023 02 20 Accumulation, distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments, case study: Shadgan wetland Accumulation, distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments, case study: Shadgan wetland 214 226 90899 10.22059/jne.2023.349372.2478 FA Mohammad Komasi Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran Seyed Masoud Monavari Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran Fariba Zamani Hargalani Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran Shahram Baikpour Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 1970 01 01 Evaluating the metals concentration and their environmental risk for pollution monitoring is necessary to maintain the quality and the health of the ecosystem. In this study, the distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the sediments of the estuaries around the petrochemical units were investigated. The purpose of this research is the pollution value and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the sediments in Shadgan wetland. A systematic method of random classification was used to determine the sampling points and 36 sediment samples were collected and transferred to the laboratory for analysis. Preparation and complete digestion of sediments were performed according to standard Mopam instructions. For analyze to of samples, was used ICP-OES model 730-ES device. Important environmental indicators such as the geochemical index (Igeo) and ecological risk index (ERi) were calculated. Based on the results obtained, mean concentrations of Ni, Pb, Hg, and V were 55.8, 8.5, 6.9 and 88.7µg/g, respectively. The research results showed that distribution pattern of heavy metals in the sediments was V>Ni>Pb>Hg. Based on Muller's geochemical index, pollution degree was severe contamination for nickel and lead, severe to very severe contamination for mercury, and moderate contamination for vanadium. The ecological risk index (ERi) analysis showed that the risk situation is considerable for Ni, Pb, and Hg and moderate for V. It can be concluded that the Shadgan wetland is contaminated with heavy metals due to the inflow of effluents from petrochemical industries. The use of modern treatment plants, decomposition of pollutants and the use of raw materials with a lower percentage of pollutants in wastewater management are necessary to reduce pollutants. Evaluating the metals concentration and their environmental risk for pollution monitoring is necessary to maintain the quality and the health of the ecosystem. In this study, the distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the sediments of the estuaries around the petrochemical units were investigated. The purpose of this research is the pollution value and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the sediments in Shadgan wetland. A systematic method of random classification was used to determine the sampling points and 36 sediment samples were collected and transferred to the laboratory for analysis. Preparation and complete digestion of sediments were performed according to standard Mopam instructions. For analyze to of samples, was used ICP-OES model 730-ES device. Important environmental indicators such as the geochemical index (Igeo) and ecological risk index (ERi) were calculated. Based on the results obtained, mean concentrations of Ni, Pb, Hg, and V were 55.8, 8.5, 6.9 and 88.7µg/g, respectively. The research results showed that distribution pattern of heavy metals in the sediments was V>Ni>Pb>Hg. Based on Muller's geochemical index, pollution degree was severe contamination for nickel and lead, severe to very severe contamination for mercury, and moderate contamination for vanadium. The ecological risk index (ERi) analysis showed that the risk situation is considerable for Ni, Pb, and Hg and moderate for V. It can be concluded that the Shadgan wetland is contaminated with heavy metals due to the inflow of effluents from petrochemical industries. The use of modern treatment plants, decomposition of pollutants and the use of raw materials with a lower percentage of pollutants in wastewater management are necessary to reduce pollutants.

https://jne.ut.ac.ir/article_90899_f1fad3b4a3c1cfb72fd8cd8d8b90ad70.pdf

University of Tehran Journal of Natural Environment 2008-7764 75 Special Issue Coastal and Marine Environment 2023 02 20 Modeling of river water qualitative changes under Voshmgir dam removal condition, Gorganrud River Modeling of river water qualitative changes under Voshmgir dam removal condition, Gorganrud River 227 242 91249 10.22059/jne.2023.352315.2506 FA Javad Masoomifar Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Mehdi Yasi Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Javad Farhoudi Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Journal Article 2022 12 11 Dam removal is one of the methods of restoring the river ecosystem. The decision to remove a dam is based on the multidisciplinary indicators and the type of dam body and its location, as well as the downstream conditions and the type of dam removal method. In the present study, the removal of the Voshmgir Dam on the Gorganrud River, Iran, was considered, because of the high volume of sediment deposition in the reservoir and the loss of its useful life. Three scenarios were selected for the removal of the dam: 1- complete removal; 2- stepped removal of the spillway; and 3- removal with stable sediments. In the first step, numerical modeling for river morphological changes was performed using the HEC-RAS model for unsteady flows with sediment transport. The erosion and sedimentation processes were simulated in six reaches (from the Voshmgir Dam to the Caspian Sea), with total length of 128 km. The results indicated that the second scenario (stepped removal of the spillway) is the best alternative due to the gradual processes of river-bed changes. In the present research, the two-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model CE-QUAL-W2 is used for qualitative modeling of Gorganrud River in three scenarios of dam removal, within 128 km downstream of Vashmgir dam to the Caspian Sea Estuary. Qualitative modeling was performed for the existing conditions of Gorganrud (without removing the Vashmgir dam) at two hydrometric stations of Aqqala (68 km downstream of the Vashmgir dam) and and Basirabad (112 km downstream of Vashmgir Dam), where a set of water level and water-quality data was available for model calibration. Model results are presented in the period of rapid river changes after dam removal up to 60 days. Based on the results of qualitative modeling, the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) has increased in three scenarios of dam removal in two sections of the river (Aqqala and Basirabad). The amount of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in the first scenario (complete removal) and the second (stepping removal) has increased slightly (less than 10% of the river conditions before removal). In the third scenario (removal with stable deposition), no significant change in BOD occurred. In three scenarios and in both study periods, the pH changed very little in the two periods, before and after the removal of the dam. The total amount of soluble solids (TDS) in the early days of the simulation is equal to or greater than that before removal. The TDS rate is to be decreased by time. The overall results indicated that the second scenario of the dam removal (i.e. stepped removal of the spillway) is the best alternative due to the less impacts on the river-bed changes, and the gradual processes of river-ecosystem rehabilitation. Dam removal is one of the methods of restoring the river ecosystem. The decision to remove a dam is based on the multidisciplinary indicators and the type of dam body and its location, as well as the downstream conditions and the type of dam removal method. In the present study, the removal of the Voshmgir Dam on the Gorganrud River, Iran, was considered, because of the high volume of sediment deposition in the reservoir and the loss of its useful life. Three scenarios were selected for the removal of the dam: 1- complete removal; 2- stepped removal of the spillway; and 3- removal with stable sediments. In the first step, numerical modeling for river morphological changes was performed using the HEC-RAS model for unsteady flows with sediment transport. The erosion and sedimentation processes were simulated in six reaches (from the Voshmgir Dam to the Caspian Sea), with total length of 128 km. The results indicated that the second scenario (stepped removal of the spillway) is the best alternative due to the gradual processes of river-bed changes. In the present research, the two-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model CE-QUAL-W2 is used for qualitative modeling of Gorganrud River in three scenarios of dam removal, within 128 km downstream of Vashmgir dam to the Caspian Sea Estuary. Qualitative modeling was performed for the existing conditions of Gorganrud (without removing the Vashmgir dam) at two hydrometric stations of Aqqala (68 km downstream of the Vashmgir dam) and and Basirabad (112 km downstream of Vashmgir Dam), where a set of water level and water-quality data was available for model calibration. Model results are presented in the period of rapid river changes after dam removal up to 60 days. Based on the results of qualitative modeling, the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) has increased in three scenarios of dam removal in two sections of the river (Aqqala and Basirabad). The amount of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in the first scenario (complete removal) and the second (stepping removal) has increased slightly (less than 10% of the river conditions before removal). In the third scenario (removal with stable deposition), no significant change in BOD occurred. In three scenarios and in both study periods, the pH changed very little in the two periods, before and after the removal of the dam. The total amount of soluble solids (TDS) in the early days of the simulation is equal to or greater than that before removal. The TDS rate is to be decreased by time. The overall results indicated that the second scenario of the dam removal (i.e. stepped removal of the spillway) is the best alternative due to the less impacts on the river-bed changes, and the gradual processes of river-ecosystem rehabilitation.

https://jne.ut.ac.ir/article_91249_1cb0d20b674186084d3e02550d50d893.pdf

University of Tehran Journal of Natural Environment 2008-7764 75 Special Issue Coastal and Marine Environment 2023 02 20 Environmental hazards for coastal zone of Sistan and Baluchestan province Environmental hazards for coastal zone of Sistan and Baluchestan province 243 256 90904 10.22059/jne.2023.353775.2515 FA Maryam Yaghoubzadeh Environmental Expert, Sazeh Pardazi Iran Consulting Engineers Monir Haghighat Ports and maritime organization, Costal and Port Engineering Department Fateme Kordi RS and GIS Expert, Sazeh Pardazi Iran Consulting Engineers Majid Mashhadi Rafiee RS and GIS Expert, Sazeh Pardazi Iran Consulting Engineers 0000-0002-2706-240X Journal Article 2023 01 12 Coastal zone is an area between two ecosystems with independent characteristics, which is considered as a separate planning unit. In this area, the analysis of natural hazards is an essential tool in decision-making, planning and prioritization of crisis management actions. The most important action in this analysis is determining the types of hazards. In this study, the investigation of natural hazards in the coastal zone of Sistan and Baluchistan province related to the objectives of the Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) plan was carried out. For this purpose, firstly all possible hazards in coastal zone were determined using the Delphi method and classified after identifying the scope of its impact. In order to analyze the influence area of each hazards, all related activities were identified and their influence was determined by forming a hazard-use matrix. Finally, an overall map was prepared by overlaying layers in GIS, and the number of all hazards which threaten activities was determined. The results showed that the largest number of hazards are located in the western part of Sistan & Baluchistan coastal zone between Pozm Bay and Khor-e Maydani. Also, Tsunami and sand dunes are two dangerous hazard, which affect all activities. Among all possible landuse, agricultural and dry farming are more affected activities by natural hazards. The results of this study, by determining of hazard influence areas and by using them in determining the vulnerability of coastal zone, will cause the environmental management plan (EMP) of the study area prepared with a wider range of information and development measures will lead to a safer development in this region. Coastal zone is an area between two ecosystems with independent characteristics, which is considered as a separate planning unit. In this area, the analysis of natural hazards is an essential tool in decision-making, planning and prioritization of crisis management actions. The most important action in this analysis is determining the types of hazards. In this study, the investigation of natural hazards in the coastal zone of Sistan and Baluchistan province related to the objectives of the Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) plan was carried out. For this purpose, firstly all possible hazards in coastal zone were determined using the Delphi method and classified after identifying the scope of its impact. In order to analyze the influence area of each hazards, all related activities were identified and their influence was determined by forming a hazard-use matrix. Finally, an overall map was prepared by overlaying layers in GIS, and the number of all hazards which threaten activities was determined. The results showed that the largest number of hazards are located in the western part of Sistan & Baluchistan coastal zone between Pozm Bay and Khor-e Maydani. Also, Tsunami and sand dunes are two dangerous hazard, which affect all activities. Among all possible landuse, agricultural and dry farming are more affected activities by natural hazards. The results of this study, by determining of hazard influence areas and by using them in determining the vulnerability of coastal zone, will cause the environmental management plan (EMP) of the study area prepared with a wider range of information and development measures will lead to a safer development in this region.

https://jne.ut.ac.ir/article_90904_9c8830f854d88af3e7699cf6414e8330.pdf

University of Tehran Journal of Natural Environment 2008-7764 75 Special Issue Coastal and Marine Environment 2023 02 20 Assessment of supply and demand multiple ecosystem services, using comprehensive framework in region 4 of Iran spatial plan Assessment of supply and demand multiple ecosystem services, using comprehensive framework in region 4 of Iran spatial plan 257 274 90900 10.22059/jne.2023.353709.2513 FA Mehrdad Kashef Department of Environmental Planning and Design, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Naghmeh Mobarghei Dinan Department of Environmental Planning and Design, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Hassan Esmaeilzadeh Department of Environmental Planning and Design, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-9956-3676 Journal Article 2023 01 10 In recent decades, the severe disconnection between humans and the environment has caused instability in the provision of ecosystem services. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a suitable conceptual framework to express the relationship between the supply and demand of ecosystem services based on the socio-ecological network approach in order to help achieve environmental sustainability The aim of this study was to provide new conceptual services for providing suggested services and using ecosystem services based on the base ecosystem and the proposed ratio of soil retention, surface water production, food production, and carbon storage in the 4th region of planning of Iran. In this regard, a conceptual model was proposed and then a spatial analysis of the four ecosystem services was carried out. The results showed the spatial heterogeneity that exists after supply and consumption in all four services, especially surface water ecosystem services and food production. Based on the assessment of the comprehensive supply and demand ratio of ecosystem services, about 80% of the region is facing a deficit of ecosystem services and only 6% has a surplus of services, which is mainly in the middle part of Zagros, which has the highest amount of water production, carbon storage, and the least soil erosion. It will guarantee the ecological survival of the region. In fact, in order to mainstream the ecosystem approach in spatial planning, it is important to determine the focal point of ecosystem services by determining the ratio of supply and demand for making appropriate decisions by decision makers. In recent decades, the severe disconnection between humans and the environment has caused instability in the provision of ecosystem services. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a suitable conceptual framework to express the relationship between the supply and demand of ecosystem services based on the socio-ecological network approach in order to help achieve environmental sustainability The aim of this study was to provide new conceptual services for providing suggested services and using ecosystem services based on the base ecosystem and the proposed ratio of soil retention, surface water production, food production, and carbon storage in the 4th region of planning of Iran. In this regard, a conceptual model was proposed and then a spatial analysis of the four ecosystem services was carried out. The results showed the spatial heterogeneity that exists after supply and consumption in all four services, especially surface water ecosystem services and food production. Based on the assessment of the comprehensive supply and demand ratio of ecosystem services, about 80% of the region is facing a deficit of ecosystem services and only 6% has a surplus of services, which is mainly in the middle part of Zagros, which has the highest amount of water production, carbon storage, and the least soil erosion. It will guarantee the ecological survival of the region. In fact, in order to mainstream the ecosystem approach in spatial planning, it is important to determine the focal point of ecosystem services by determining the ratio of supply and demand for making appropriate decisions by decision makers.

https://jne.ut.ac.ir/article_90900_759b72a55a3e4173941e12c0100bc98c.pdf