University of Tehran Journal of Natural Environment 2008-7764 67 4 2014 12 22 Modelling denning suitability and identifying minimum characteristic requirements of Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) den sites Hamedan province using partititned Mahalanobis method Modelling denning suitability and identifying minimum characteristic requirements of Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) den sites Hamedan province using partititned Mahalanobis method 367 379 53079 10.22059/jne.2014.53079 FA Mohsen Ahmadi 1M.Sc., Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran Mohammad Kaboli Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran 0000-0002-9203-2346 Afshin Alizadeh Shabani Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran Sohrab Ashrafi 3Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran Journal Article 2013 01 27 -   Ahmadi, M., Kaboli, M., Imani Harsini, J., Khosravi Sharifabadi, R., Almasi, M., 2012. Strategic Management Plan for Wolf (<em>Canis lupus</em>) in Hamedan Province: An Approach to Reducing Human-Wolf Conflicts. Journal of Natural Environment, Iranian Journal of Natural Resources. 65, 271–281. <br />-   Ballard, W.B., Dau, J.R., 1983. Characteristics of gray wolf, <em>Canis lupus</em>, den and rendezvous sites in Southcentral Alaska. Canadian Field-Naturalist 97, 299–302. <br />-   Baldwin, A.R., Bender, L.C., 2008. Den-Site Characteristics of Black Bears in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Journal of Wildlife Management 72, 1717–1724. <br />-   Boyce, M.S., Vernier, P.R., Nielsen, S.E., Schmiegelow, F.K.A., 2002. Evaluating resource selection functions. Ecological Modelling 157, 281–300. <br />-   Browning, D.M., Beaupres, S.J., Duncan, L., 2005. Using Partitioned Mahalanobis D²(K) To Formulate a GIS based Model of Timber Rattelsnake Hibernacula. Journal of Wildlife Management 69, 33–44. <br />-   Cayuela, L., 2004. Habitat evaluation for the Iberian wolf (<em>Canis lupus</em>) in Picos de Europa National Park, Spain. Applied Geography 24, 199–215. <br />-   Ciarniello, L.M., Boyce, M.S., Heard, D.C., Seip, D.R., 2005. Denning behavior and den site selection of grizzly bears along the Parsnip River, British Columbia, Canada. Ursus 16, 47–58. <br />-   Clark, J.D., Dunn, J.E., Smith, K.G., 1993. A multivariate model of female black bear habitat use for a geographic information system. Journal of Wildlife Management 57, 519–526. <br />-   Corsi, F., Dupre, E., Boitani, L., 1998. A Large-Scale Model of Wolf Distribution in Italy for Conservation Planning. Conservation Biology 13, 150–159. <br />-   Dunn, J.E., Duncan, L., 2000. Partitioning Mahalanobis D² to sharpen GIS classification. In: Brebbia, C.A., Pascolo, P. (Eds.), Management information systems: GIS and remote sensing. WIT Press, Southampton, UK, pp 195–204 <br />-   Elith, J., Phillips, S.J., Hastie, T., Dudik, M., Chee, Y.E., <em>et al</em>., 2011. A statistical explanation of MaxEnt for ecologists. Diversity and Distribution 17, 43–57. <br />-   Fielding, A.H., Bell, J.F., 1997. A review of methods for the assessment of prediction errors in conservation presence/absence models. Environment Conservation 24, 38–49. <br />-   Harrington, F.H., Mech, L.D., 1982. Patterns of homesite attendance in two Minnesota wolf packs. In: Harrington, F.H., Paquet, P.C. (Eds.), Wolves of the world: perspectives of behavior, ecology, and conservation. Noyes Publications, New Jersey, USA, pp. 81–104. <br />-   Hollenbeck, J.P., Saab, V.A., Frenzel, R.W., 2011. Habitat Suitability and Nest Survival of White-Headed Woodpeckers in Unburned Forests of Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management 75, 1061–1071. <br />-   Jędrzejewski, W., Jędrzejewska, B., Zawadzka, B., Borowik, T., Nowak, S., Myszajek, R.W., 2008. Habitat suitability model for Polish wolves based on long term national census. Animal Conservation 11, 377–390. <br />-   Jenness, J., Brost, B., Beier, P., 2011. Land Facet Corridor Designer. Available in: http://www.corridordesign.org. <br />-   Jiménez-Valverde, A., 2012. Insights into the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) as a discrimination measure in species distribution modelling. Global Ecology and Biogeography 21, 498–507. <br />-   Kuemmerle, T., <em>et al.</em>, 2011. Predicting potential European bison habitat across its former range. Ecological Application 21, 830–843. <br />-   Kusak, J., Skrbinsek, A.M., Huber, D., 2005. Home ranges movements, and activity of wolves (<em>Canis lupus</em>) in the Dalmatian part of Dinarids, Croatia. European Journal of Wildlife Research 51, 254–262. <br />-   Libal, N.S., Belant, J.L., Leopold, B.D., Wang, G., Owen, P.A., 2011. Despotism and Risk of Infanticide Influence Grizzly Bear Den-Site Selection. PLoS ONE 6, e24133. <br />-   Linnell, J.D.C., 2000. The Fear of Wolves: A Review of Wolf Attacks on Humans, Norsk Institutt for Nature forskning. <br />-   Linnell, J.D.C., Aanes, R., Swenson, J.E., Odden, J., Smith, M.E., 1997. Translocation of carnivores as a method for managing problem animals: a review. Biodiversity Conservation 6, 1245–1257. <br />-   Lobo, J., Jiménez-Valverde, A., Real, R., 2008. AUC: a misleading measure of the performance of predictive distribution models. Global Ecology and Biogeography 17, 145–151. <br />-   Matteson, M.Y., 1992. Denning ecology of wolves in Northwest Montana and southern Canadian Rockies. Dissertation, University of Montana, Missoula. <br />-   Mech, L.D., 1995. The challenge and opportunity of recovering wolf populations. Conservation Biology 9, 270–278. <br />-   Mech, L.D., Boitani, L., 2003. Wolves: Behavior, Ecology and Conservation. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. <br />-   Mladenoff, D.J., Sickley, T.A., Wydeven, A., 1999. Predicting Gray Wolf Landscape Recolonization: Logistic regression models vs. new field data. Ecological Application 9, 37–44. <br />-   Norris, D.F., Theberge, M.T., Theberge, J.B., 2002. Forest composition around wolf (Canis lupus) dens in eastern Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario. Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, 866–872. <br />-   Northrup, J.M., Stenhouse, G.B., Boyce, M.S., 2012. Agricultural lands as ecological traps for grizzly bears. Animal Conservation 15, 369–377. <br />-   Person, D.K., Russell, A.L., 2009. Reproduction and Den Site Selection by Wolves in a Disturbed Landscape. Northwest Sciences 83, 211–224. <br />-   Podruzny, S.R., Cherry, S., Schwartz, C.C., Landenburger, L.A., 2002. Grizzly bear denning and potential conflict areas in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Ursus 13, 19–28. <br />-   Reyahi-Khoram, M., Fotros, M.H., 2011. Land use planning of Hamadan province by means of GIS. International Conference on Chemical, Biological and Environment Sciences (ICCEBS'2011) Bangkok. <br />-   Rich, L.N., Mitchell, M.S., Gude, J.A., Sime, C.A., 2012. Anthropogenic mortality, intraspecific competition, and prey availability influence territory sizes of wolves in Montana. Journal of Mammalogy 93, 722–731. <br />-   Romero, D., Olivero, J., Real, R., 2012. Comparative assessment of different methods for using landcover variables for distribution modelling of <em>Salamandra salamandra longirotris</em>. Environment Conservation 53, 1–12. <br />-   Rotenberry, J.T., Preston, K.L., Knick, S.T., 2006. GIS-Based Niche Modelling For Mapping Spcies’ Habitat. Ecology 87, 1458–1464. <br />-   Salvatori, V., Linnell, J., 2005. Report on the conservation status and threats for wolf (<em>Canis lupus</em>) in Europe. T-PVS/Inf. Report 16. Strasbourg, Council of Europe. 1–24. <br />-   Sappington, M., Longshore, K.M., Thompson, D.B., 2007. Quantifying Landscape Ruggedness for Animal Habitat Analysis: A Case Study Using Bighorn Sheep in the Mojave Desert. Journal of Wildlife Management 71, 1419–1426. <br />-   Smith, D.W., <em>et al</em>., 2010. Survival of colonizing wolves in the Northern Rocky Mountains of the United States, 1982–2004. Journal of Wildlife Management 74, 620–634. <br />-   Theuerkauf, J.J., drzejewski, W., Schmidt, K., Okarma, H., Ruczynski, I., Sniezko, S., Gula R., 2003. Daily patterns and duration of wolf activity in the Białowieza forest, Poland. Journal of Mammalogy 84, 243– 253. <br />-   Theuerkauf, J., Gula, R., Pirga, B., Tsunoda, H., Eggermann, J., Brzezowska, B., Rouys, S., Radler, S., 2007. Human impact on wolf activity in the Bieszczady Mountains, SE Poland. Annual Zoology Fennecci. 44, 225–231. <br />-   Trapp, J.R., Beier, P., Mack, C., Parsons, D.R., Paquet, P.C., 2008. Wolf, <em>Canis lupus</em>, den site selection in the Rocky Mountains. Canadian Field-Naturalist 122, 49–56. <br />-   Treves, A., Martin, K.A., Wydeven, A.P., Wiedenhoeft, J.E., 2011. Forecasting Environmental Hazards and the Application of Risk Maps to Predator Attacks on Livestock. BioScience 61, 451–458. <br />Unger, D.E., Keenlance, P.W., Kohn, B.E., Anderson, E.M., 2009. Factors Influencing Homesite Selection by Gray Wolves in Northwestern Wisconsinand East-Central Minnesota. In: Wydeven. A.P., <em>et al.</em> (Eds.), Recovery of Gray Wolves in the Great Lakes Region of the United States. Springer Science + Business Media, pp. 175–189 -   Ahmadi, M., Kaboli, M., Imani Harsini, J., Khosravi Sharifabadi, R., Almasi, M., 2012. Strategic Management Plan for Wolf (<em>Canis lupus</em>) in Hamedan Province: An Approach to Reducing Human-Wolf Conflicts. Journal of Natural Environment, Iranian Journal of Natural Resources. 65, 271–281. <br />-   Ballard, W.B., Dau, J.R., 1983. Characteristics of gray wolf, <em>Canis lupus</em>, den and rendezvous sites in Southcentral Alaska. Canadian Field-Naturalist 97, 299–302. <br />-   Baldwin, A.R., Bender, L.C., 2008. Den-Site Characteristics of Black Bears in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Journal of Wildlife Management 72, 1717–1724. <br />-   Boyce, M.S., Vernier, P.R., Nielsen, S.E., Schmiegelow, F.K.A., 2002. Evaluating resource selection functions. Ecological Modelling 157, 281–300. <br />-   Browning, D.M., Beaupres, S.J., Duncan, L., 2005. Using Partitioned Mahalanobis D²(K) To Formulate a GIS based Model of Timber Rattelsnake Hibernacula. Journal of Wildlife Management 69, 33–44. <br />-   Cayuela, L., 2004. Habitat evaluation for the Iberian wolf (<em>Canis lupus</em>) in Picos de Europa National Park, Spain. Applied Geography 24, 199–215. <br />-   Ciarniello, L.M., Boyce, M.S., Heard, D.C., Seip, D.R., 2005. Denning behavior and den site selection of grizzly bears along the Parsnip River, British Columbia, Canada. Ursus 16, 47–58. <br />-   Clark, J.D., Dunn, J.E., Smith, K.G., 1993. A multivariate model of female black bear habitat use for a geographic information system. Journal of Wildlife Management 57, 519–526. <br />-   Corsi, F., Dupre, E., Boitani, L., 1998. A Large-Scale Model of Wolf Distribution in Italy for Conservation Planning. Conservation Biology 13, 150–159. <br />-   Dunn, J.E., Duncan, L., 2000. Partitioning Mahalanobis D² to sharpen GIS classification. In: Brebbia, C.A., Pascolo, P. (Eds.), Management information systems: GIS and remote sensing. WIT Press, Southampton, UK, pp 195–204 <br />-   Elith, J., Phillips, S.J., Hastie, T., Dudik, M., Chee, Y.E., <em>et al</em>., 2011. A statistical explanation of MaxEnt for ecologists. Diversity and Distribution 17, 43–57. <br />-   Fielding, A.H., Bell, J.F., 1997. A review of methods for the assessment of prediction errors in conservation presence/absence models. Environment Conservation 24, 38–49. <br />-   Harrington, F.H., Mech, L.D., 1982. Patterns of homesite attendance in two Minnesota wolf packs. In: Harrington, F.H., Paquet, P.C. (Eds.), Wolves of the world: perspectives of behavior, ecology, and conservation. Noyes Publications, New Jersey, USA, pp. 81–104. <br />-   Hollenbeck, J.P., Saab, V.A., Frenzel, R.W., 2011. Habitat Suitability and Nest Survival of White-Headed Woodpeckers in Unburned Forests of Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management 75, 1061–1071. <br />-   Jędrzejewski, W., Jędrzejewska, B., Zawadzka, B., Borowik, T., Nowak, S., Myszajek, R.W., 2008. Habitat suitability model for Polish wolves based on long term national census. Animal Conservation 11, 377–390. <br />-   Jenness, J., Brost, B., Beier, P., 2011. Land Facet Corridor Designer. Available in: http://www.corridordesign.org. <br />-   Jiménez-Valverde, A., 2012. Insights into the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) as a discrimination measure in species distribution modelling. Global Ecology and Biogeography 21, 498–507. <br />-   Kuemmerle, T., <em>et al.</em>, 2011. Predicting potential European bison habitat across its former range. Ecological Application 21, 830–843. <br />-   Kusak, J., Skrbinsek, A.M., Huber, D., 2005. Home ranges movements, and activity of wolves (<em>Canis lupus</em>) in the Dalmatian part of Dinarids, Croatia. European Journal of Wildlife Research 51, 254–262. <br />-   Libal, N.S., Belant, J.L., Leopold, B.D., Wang, G., Owen, P.A., 2011. Despotism and Risk of Infanticide Influence Grizzly Bear Den-Site Selection. PLoS ONE 6, e24133. <br />-   Linnell, J.D.C., 2000. The Fear of Wolves: A Review of Wolf Attacks on Humans, Norsk Institutt for Nature forskning. <br />-   Linnell, J.D.C., Aanes, R., Swenson, J.E., Odden, J., Smith, M.E., 1997. Translocation of carnivores as a method for managing problem animals: a review. Biodiversity Conservation 6, 1245–1257. <br />-   Lobo, J., Jiménez-Valverde, A., Real, R., 2008. AUC: a misleading measure of the performance of predictive distribution models. Global Ecology and Biogeography 17, 145–151. <br />-   Matteson, M.Y., 1992. Denning ecology of wolves in Northwest Montana and southern Canadian Rockies. Dissertation, University of Montana, Missoula. <br />-   Mech, L.D., 1995. The challenge and opportunity of recovering wolf populations. Conservation Biology 9, 270–278. <br />-   Mech, L.D., Boitani, L., 2003. Wolves: Behavior, Ecology and Conservation. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. <br />-   Mladenoff, D.J., Sickley, T.A., Wydeven, A., 1999. Predicting Gray Wolf Landscape Recolonization: Logistic regression models vs. new field data. Ecological Application 9, 37–44. <br />-   Norris, D.F., Theberge, M.T., Theberge, J.B., 2002. Forest composition around wolf (Canis lupus) dens in eastern Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario. Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, 866–872. <br />-   Northrup, J.M., Stenhouse, G.B., Boyce, M.S., 2012. Agricultural lands as ecological traps for grizzly bears. Animal Conservation 15, 369–377. <br />-   Person, D.K., Russell, A.L., 2009. Reproduction and Den Site Selection by Wolves in a Disturbed Landscape. Northwest Sciences 83, 211–224. <br />-   Podruzny, S.R., Cherry, S., Schwartz, C.C., Landenburger, L.A., 2002. Grizzly bear denning and potential conflict areas in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Ursus 13, 19–28. <br />-   Reyahi-Khoram, M., Fotros, M.H., 2011. Land use planning of Hamadan province by means of GIS. International Conference on Chemical, Biological and Environment Sciences (ICCEBS'2011) Bangkok. <br />-   Rich, L.N., Mitchell, M.S., Gude, J.A., Sime, C.A., 2012. Anthropogenic mortality, intraspecific competition, and prey availability influence territory sizes of wolves in Montana. Journal of Mammalogy 93, 722–731. <br />-   Romero, D., Olivero, J., Real, R., 2012. Comparative assessment of different methods for using landcover variables for distribution modelling of <em>Salamandra salamandra longirotris</em>. Environment Conservation 53, 1–12. <br />-   Rotenberry, J.T., Preston, K.L., Knick, S.T., 2006. GIS-Based Niche Modelling For Mapping Spcies’ Habitat. Ecology 87, 1458–1464. <br />-   Salvatori, V., Linnell, J., 2005. Report on the conservation status and threats for wolf (<em>Canis lupus</em>) in Europe. T-PVS/Inf. Report 16. Strasbourg, Council of Europe. 1–24. <br />-   Sappington, M., Longshore, K.M., Thompson, D.B., 2007. Quantifying Landscape Ruggedness for Animal Habitat Analysis: A Case Study Using Bighorn Sheep in the Mojave Desert. Journal of Wildlife Management 71, 1419–1426. <br />-   Smith, D.W., <em>et al</em>., 2010. Survival of colonizing wolves in the Northern Rocky Mountains of the United States, 1982–2004. Journal of Wildlife Management 74, 620–634. <br />-   Theuerkauf, J.J., drzejewski, W., Schmidt, K., Okarma, H., Ruczynski, I., Sniezko, S., Gula R., 2003. Daily patterns and duration of wolf activity in the Białowieza forest, Poland. Journal of Mammalogy 84, 243– 253. <br />-   Theuerkauf, J., Gula, R., Pirga, B., Tsunoda, H., Eggermann, J., Brzezowska, B., Rouys, S., Radler, S., 2007. Human impact on wolf activity in the Bieszczady Mountains, SE Poland. Annual Zoology Fennecci. 44, 225–231. <br />-   Trapp, J.R., Beier, P., Mack, C., Parsons, D.R., Paquet, P.C., 2008. Wolf, <em>Canis lupus</em>, den site selection in the Rocky Mountains. Canadian Field-Naturalist 122, 49–56. <br />-   Treves, A., Martin, K.A., Wydeven, A.P., Wiedenhoeft, J.E., 2011. Forecasting Environmental Hazards and the Application of Risk Maps to Predator Attacks on Livestock. BioScience 61, 451–458. <br />Unger, D.E., Keenlance, P.W., Kohn, B.E., Anderson, E.M., 2009. Factors Influencing Homesite Selection by Gray Wolves in Northwestern Wisconsinand East-Central Minnesota. In: Wydeven. A.P., <em>et al.</em> (Eds.), Recovery of Gray Wolves in the Great Lakes Region of the United States. Springer Science + Business Media, pp. 175–189 https://jne.ut.ac.ir/article_53079_164b77dbcde21ba9d715249980477e82.pdf